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Qudits, generalizations of qubits to multi-level quantum systems, offer enhanced computational efficiency by encoding more information per lattice cell, avoiding costly swap operations and providing even exponential speedup in some cases.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-09 Boxi Li , F. A. Cárdenas-López , Adrian Lupascu , Felix Motzoi

The optimal implementation of quantum gates for closed $N$-qubit systems is one of the key challenges for practical realization of many quantum information processing tasks. In the present article, based on the generalized Bloch vectors…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Elena R. Loubenets , Sergey Kuznetsov

There exist various Software Development Kits (SDKs) tailored to different quantum computing platforms. These are known as Quantum SDKs (QSDKs). Examples include but are not limited to Qiskit, Cirq, and PennyLane. However, this diversity…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Nazanin Siavash , Armin Moin

While all quantum algorithms can be expressed in terms of single-qubit and two-qubit gates, more expressive gate sets can help reduce the algorithmic depth. This is important in the presence of gate errors, especially those due to…

Quantum computers promise to solve several categories of problems faster than classical computers ever could. Current research mostly focuses on qubits, i.e., systems where the unit of information can assume only two levels. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-25 Kevin Mato , Stefan Hillmich , Robert Wille

Quantum logic gates can perform calculations much more efficiently than their classical counterparts. However, the level of control needed to obtain a reliable quantum operation is correspondingly higher. In order to evaluate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Holger F. Hofmann , Ryo Okamoto , Shigeki Takeuchi

Qubits, which are quantum counterparts of classical bits, are used as basic information units for quantum information processing, whereas underlying physical information carriers, e.g. (artificial) atoms or ions, admit encoding of more…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-28 Anastasiia S. Nikolaeva , Evgeniy O. Kiktenko , Aleksey K. Fedorov

As quantum computing hardware continues to scale, the need for a robust software infrastructure that bridges the gap between high-level algorithm development and low-level physical qubit control becomes increasingly critical. A full-stack…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-22 Evandro Rosa , Eduardo Lussi , Jerusa Marchi , Rafael de Santiago

With the advent of physical qubits exhibiting strong noise bias, it becomes increasingly relevant to identify which quantum gates can be efficiently implemented on error-correcting codes designed to address a single dominant error type.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-09 Victor Barizien , Hugo Jacinto , Nicolas Sangouard

This paper introduces ObfusQate, a novel tool that conducts obfuscations using quantum primitives to enhance the security of both classical and quantum programs. We have designed and implemented two primary categories of obfuscations:…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Nikhil Bartake , See Toh Zi Jie , Carmen Wong Jiawen , Michael Kasper , Vivek Balachandran

High-fidelity and robust quantum manipulation is the key for scalable quantum computation. Therefore, due to the intrinsic operational robustness, quantum manipulation induced by geometric phases is one of the promising candidates. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-23 Tao Chen , Pu Shen , Zheng-Yuan Xue

We study space-bounded communication complexity for unitary implementation in distributed quantum processors, where we restrict the number of qubits per processor to ensure practical relevance and technical non-triviality. We model…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-07 Longcheng Li , Xiaoming Sun , Jialin Zhang , Jiadong Zhu

An effective, accessible abstraction hierarchy has made using and programming computers possible for people across all disciplines. Establishing such a hierarchy for quantum programming is an outstanding challenge, especially due to a…

Existing abstract models of quantum computation make reference to circuit elements, much in contrast to their classical counterparts. Circuits, as a model of computation, substantially limit algorithmic expression and obscure high-level…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-18 Santiago Núñez-Corrales

Variational quantum algorithms that are used for quantum machine learning rely on the ability to automatically differentiate parametrized quantum circuits with respect to underlying parameters. Here, we propose the rules for differentiating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-16 Oleksandr Kyriienko , Vincent E. Elfving

The implementation of a universal quantum processor still poses fundamental issues related to error mitigation and correction, which demand to investigate also platforms and computing schemes alternative to the main stream. A possibility is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-25 A. Chiesa , S. Roca , S. Chicco , M. C. de Ory , A. Gómez-León , A. Gómez , D. Zueco , F. Luis , S. Carretta

We propose the generalized controlled X (GCX) gate as the two-qudit elementary gate, and based on Cartan decomposition, we also give the one-qudit elementary gates. Then we discuss the physical implementation of these elementary gates and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-12 Yao-Min Di , Hai-Rui Wei

Quantum circuit simulation is paramount to the verification and optimization of quantum algorithms, and considerable research efforts have been made towards efficient simulators. While circuits often contain high-level gates such as oracles…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Adam Husted Kjelstrøm , Andreas Pavlogiannis , Jaco van de Pol

The use of classical computers to simulate quantum computing has been successful in aiding the study of quantum algorithms and circuits that are too complex to examine analytically. Current implementations of quantum computing simulators…

Simulating quantum computation on a classical computer is a difficult problem. The matrices representing quantum gates, and the vectors modeling qubit states grow exponentially with an increase in the number of qubits. However, by using a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 George F. Viamontes , Igor L. Markov , John P. Hayes