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Most existing quantum programming languages are based on the quantum circuit model of computation, as higher-level abstractions are particularly challenging to implement - especially ones relating to quantum control flow. The Qunity…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Mikhail Mints , Finn Voichick , Leonidas Lampropoulos , Robert Rand

Computations with a future quantum computer will be implemented through the operations by elementary quantum gates. It is now well known that the collection of 1-bit and 2-bit quantum gates are universal for quantum computation, i.e., any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 G. Chen , D. A. Church , B. -G. Englert , M. S. Zubairy

The paradigm behind digital quantum computing inherits the idea of using binary information processing. Nature in fact gives much more rich structures of physical objects that can be used for encoding information, which is especially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Evgeniy O. Kiktenko , Anastasiia S. Nikolaeva , Aleksey K. Fedorov

A single physical interaction might not be universal for quantum computation in general. It has been shown, however, that in some cases it can generate universal quantum computation over a subspace. For example, by encoding logical qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 M. Hsieh , J. Kempe , S. Myrgren , K. B. Whaley

This document describes a quantum assembly language (QASM) called OpenQASM that is used to implement experiments with low depth quantum circuits. OpenQASM represents universal physical circuits over the CNOT plus SU(2) basis with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-17 Andrew W. Cross , Lev S. Bishop , John A. Smolin , Jay M. Gambetta

While thousands of experimental physicists and chemists are currently trying to build scalable quantum computers, it appears that simulation of quantum computation will be at least as critical as circuit simulation in classical VLSI design.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 George F. Viamontes , Manoj Rajagopalan , Igor L. Markov , John P. Hayes

Emerging quantum applications such as error mitigation, system characterization, and hybrid protocols often require running large families of related quantum circuits. Existing intermediate representations (IRs) and frameworks such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-15 Sourish Wawdhane , Sashwat Anagolum , Poulami Das , Yunong Shi

In recent years, the quantum computing community has seen an explosion of novel methods to implement non-trivial quantum computations on near-term hardware. An important direction of research has been to decompose an arbitrary entangled…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-24 Harsha Nagarajan , Owen Lockwood , Carleton Coffrin

Quantum computing exploits quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to realize a form of parallelism that is not available to traditional computing. It offers the potential of significant computational speed-ups in quantum…

Scalable quantum computation in realistic devices requires that precise control can be implemented efficiently in the presence of decoherence and operational errors. We propose a general constructive procedure for designing robust unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-04-21 Kaveh Khodjasteh , Lorenza Viola

Near-term quantum computing (QC) systems have limited qubit counts, high gate (instruction) error rates, and typically support a minimal instruction set having one type of two-qubit gate (2Q). To reduce program instruction counts and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-30 Prakash Murali , Lingling Lao , Margaret Martonosi , Dan Browne

Quantum computing leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to perform computations far beyond the capabilities of classical systems, particularly in fields such as cryptography and optimization. However, current quantum programming…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Simone Faro , Francesco Pio Marino , Gabriele Messina

In this paper, we introduce the workflow for converting qubit circuits represented by Open Quantum ASseMbly format (OpenQASM, also known as QASM) into the qudit form for execution on qudit hardware and provide a method for translating qudit…

Quantum computers offer promising approaches to various fields. To use current noisy quantum computers, developers need to examine the compilation of a logical circuit, the status of available hardware, and noises in results. As those tasks…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Hyeok Kim , Kaitlin N. Smith

Quantum computers provide a fundamentally new computing paradigm that promises to revolutionize our ability to solve broad classes of problems. Surprisingly, the basic mathematical structures of gate-based quantum computing, such as unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-20 Brian R. La Cour , S. Andrew Lanham , Corey I. Ostrove

Quantum computation offers the potential to solve fundamental yet otherwise intractable problems across a range of active fields of research. Recently, universal quantum-logic gate sets - the building blocks for a quantum computer - have…

We present a basic high-level structures used for developing quantum programming languages. The presented structures are commonly used in many existing quantum programming languages and we use quantum pseudo-code based on QCL quantum…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2011-10-10 P. Gawron , J. Klamka , J. A. Miszczak , R. Winiarczyk

Current quantum programming is dominated by low-level, circuit-centric approaches that limit the potential for compiler optimization. This work presents how a high-level programming construct provides compilers with the semantic information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Evandro C. R. Rosa , Jerusa Marchi , Eduardo I. Duzzioni , Rafael de Santiago

We give quantum circuits that simulate an arbitrary two-qubit unitary operator up to global phase. For several quantum gate libraries we prove that gate counts are optimal in worst and average cases. Our lower and upper bounds compare…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Vivek V. Shende , Igor L. Markov , Stephen S. Bullock

We introduce a novel scheme of quantum recursive programming, in which large unitary transformations, i.e. quantum gates, can be recursively defined using quantum case statements, which are quantum counterparts of conditionals and case…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Mingsheng Ying , Zhicheng Zhang