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Reinforcement learning (RL) with continuous time and state/action spaces is often data-intensive and brittle under nuisance variability and shift, motivating methods that exploit value-preserving structures to stabilize and improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Zuyuan Zhang , Fei Xu Yu , Tian Lan

Reinforcement learning (RL) allows an agent interacting sequentially with an environment to maximize its long-term expected return. In the distributional RL (DistrRL) paradigm, the agent goes beyond the limit of the expected value, to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Mastane Achab , Reda Alami , Yasser Abdelaziz Dahou Djilali , Kirill Fedyanin , Eric Moulines

Unsupervised reinforcement learning (URL) aims to pre-train agents by exploring diverse states or skills in reward-free environments, facilitating efficient adaptation to downstream tasks. As the agent cannot access extrinsic rewards during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Chengyang Ying , Huayu Chen , Xinning Zhou , Zhongkai Hao , Hang Su , Jun Zhu

Learned representations in deep reinforcement learning (DRL) have to extract task-relevant information from complex observations, balancing between robustness to distraction and informativeness to the policy. Such stable and rich…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Mete Kemertas , Tristan Aumentado-Armstrong

Poor sample efficiency continues to be the primary challenge for deployment of deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms for real-world applications, and in particular for visuo-motor control. Model-based RL has the potential to be highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Nicklas Hansen , Yixin Lin , Hao Su , Xiaolong Wang , Vikash Kumar , Aravind Rajeswaran

The potential of reinforcement learning (RL) to deliver aligned and performant agents is partially bottlenecked by the reward engineering problem. One alternative to heuristic trial-and-error is preference-based RL (PbRL), where a reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Tom Bewley , Freddy Lecue

In this study, we present EventRL, a reinforcement learning approach developed to enhance event extraction for large language models (LLMs). EventRL utilizes outcome supervision with specific reward functions to tackle prevalent challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Jun Gao , Huan Zhao , Wei Wang , Changlong Yu , Ruifeng Xu

Reinforcement learning (RL) is empirically successful in complex nonlinear Markov decision processes (MDPs) with continuous state spaces. By contrast, the majority of theoretical RL literature requires the MDP to satisfy some form of linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Dhruv Malik , Aldo Pacchiano , Vishwak Srinivasan , Yuanzhi Li

Recent deep reinforcement learning (DRL) successes rely on end-to-end learning from fixed-size observational inputs (e.g. image, state-variables). However, many challenging and interesting problems in decision making involve observations or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Vince Jankovics , Michael Garcia Ortiz , Eduardo Alonso

Experience replay is one of the most commonly used approaches to improve the sample efficiency of reinforcement learning algorithms. In this work, we propose an approach to select and replay sequences of transitions in order to accelerate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Thommen George Karimpanal , Roland Bouffanais

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become an effective way to improve prompt alignment and perceptual quality in diffusion and flow-matching generators. A critical step for applying online RL to flow matching is turning the deterministic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Jade Zou , Tao Huang , Weijie Kong , Junzhe Li , Yue Wu , Qi Tian , Jiangfeng Xiong , Jianwei Zhang , Liefeng Bo , Zhao Zhong

We consider reinforcement learning in an environment modeled by an episodic, finite, stage-dependent Markov decision process of horizon $H$ with $S$ states, and $A$ actions. The performance of an agent is measured by the regret after…

While reinforcement learning has achieved impressive progress in language model reasoning, it is constrained by the requirement for verifiable rewards. Recent verifier-free RL methods address this limitation by utilizing the probabilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xueru Wen , Jie Lou , Yanjiang Liu , Hongyu Lin , Ben He , Xianpei Han , Le Sun , Yaojie Lu , Debing Zhang

Multitask Reinforcement Learning (MTRL) approaches have gained increasing attention for its wide applications in many important Reinforcement Learning (RL) tasks. However, while recent advancements in MTRL theory have focused on the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-07 Ziping Xu , Zifan Xu , Runxuan Jiang , Peter Stone , Ambuj Tewari

This paper proposes a novel method that incorporates empowerment when reasoning actions in reinforcement learning (RL), thereby achieving the flexibility of exploration-exploitation dilemma (EED). In previous methods, empowerment for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Taisuke Kobayashi

A promising way to improve the sample efficiency of reinforcement learning is model-based methods, in which many explorations and evaluations can happen in the learned models to save real-world samples. However, when the learned model has a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Haoxin Lin , Yihao Sun , Jiaji Zhang , Yang Yu

Learning a good representation is an essential component for deep reinforcement learning (RL). Representation learning is especially important in multitask and partially observable settings where building a representation of the unknown…

Learning a predictive model of the mean return, or value function, plays a critical role in many reinforcement learning algorithms. Distributional reinforcement learning (DRL) has been shown to improve performance by modeling the value…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Ju-Seung Byun , Andrew Perrault

Sample inefficiency is a long-lasting challenge in deep reinforcement learning (DRL). Despite dramatic improvements have been made, the problem is far from being solved and is especially challenging in environments with sparse or delayed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Federico Malato , Ville Hautamaki

Gradient-regularized value learning methods improve sample efficiency by leveraging learned models of transition dynamics and rewards to estimate return gradients. However, existing approaches, such as MAGE, struggle in stochastic or noisy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Baptiste Debes , Tinne Tuytelaars
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