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Many applications of causal inference require using treatment effects estimated on a study population to make decisions in a separate target population. We consider the challenging setting where there are covariates that are observed in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Khurram Yamin , Vibhhu Sharma , Ed Kennedy , Bryan Wilder

In this paper, we investigate the hypothesis testing problem that checks whether part of covariates / confounders significantly affect the heterogeneous treatment effect given all covariates. This model checking is particularly useful in…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-09-24 Niwen Zhou , Xu Guo , Lixing Zhu

To improve precision of estimation and power of testing hypothesis for an unconditional treatment effect in randomized clinical trials with binary outcomes, researchers and regulatory agencies recommend using g-computation as a reliable…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-29 Ting Ye , Marlena Bannick , Yanyao Yi , Jun Shao

We develop a marginal treatment effect based method to learn about causal effects in multiple treatment models with discrete instruments. We allow selection into treatment to be governed by a general class of threshold crossing models that…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-21 Vishal Kamat , Samuel Norris , Matthew Pecenco

Many clinical questions involve estimating the effects of multiple treatments using observational data. When using longitudinal data, the interest is often in the effect of treatment strategies that involve sustaining treatment over time.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-03 Emily Granger , Gwyneth Davies , Ruth H. Keogh

Causal inference has received great attention across different fields from economics, statistics, education, medicine, to machine learning. Within this area, inferring causal effects at individual level in observational studies has become…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-02-16 Thai Pham

Applied researchers in biomedicine and related fields are often interested in estimating the causal effect of a treatment or intervention. Although randomized clinical trials are considered the gold standard for establishing causal effects,…

Marginal structural models are a popular tool for investigating the effects of time-varying treatments, but they require an assumption of no unobserved confounders between the treatment and outcome. With observational data, this assumption…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-10 Matthew Blackwell , Soichiro Yamauchi

This paper investigates correct variable selection in finite samples via $\ell_1$ and $\ell_1+\ell_2$ type penalization schemes. The asymptotic consistency of variable selection immediately follows from this analysis. We focus on logistic…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2008-12-16 Florentina Bunea

This paper develops a variance estimation framework for matching estimators that enables valid population inference for treatment effects. We provide theoretical analysis of a variance estimator that addresses key limitations in the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-16 Xiang Meng , Aaron Smith , Luke Miratrix

The heterogeneous treatment effect plays a crucial role in precision medicine.There is evidence that real-world data, even subject to biases, can be employed as supplementary evidence for randomized clinical trials to improve the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-04 Guangcai Mao , Shu Yang , Xiaofei Wang

This paper considers the identification of dynamic treatment effects with panel data, in complex designs where the treatment may not be binary and may not be absorbing. We first show that under no-anticipation and parallel-trends…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-23 Clément de Chaisemartin , Xavier D'Haultfœuille

In causal inference, interference occurs when the treatment of one unit may affect the outcomes of other units. The goal of this work is to serve as a guide to the use of linear outcome modeling for estimating causal effects in settings…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-01 Eric Tong , Salvador V. Balkus

Here we present an expository, general analysis of valid post-selection or post-regularization inference about a low-dimensional target parameter, $\alpha$, in the presence of a very high-dimensional nuisance parameter, $\eta$, which is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-10-03 Victor Chernozhukov , Christian Hansen , Martin Spindler

Heterogeneous treatment effects are driven by treatment effect modifiers, pre-treatment covariates that modify the effect of a treatment on an outcome. Current approaches for uncovering these variables are limited to low-dimensional data,…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-12 Philippe Boileau , Ning Leng , Nima S. Hejazi , Mark van der Laan , Sandrine Dudoit

Instrumental variable regression is a common approach for causal inference in the presence of unobserved confounding. However, identifying valid instruments is often difficult in practice. In this paper, we propose a novel method based on…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-22 Gregor Steiner , Jeremie Houssineau , Mark F. J. Steel

Many causal estimands are only partially identifiable since they depend on the unobservable joint distribution between potential outcomes. Stratification on pretreatment covariates can yield sharper bounds; however, unless the covariates…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-11-19 Wenlong Ji , Lihua Lei , Asher Spector

Bayesian approaches have become increasingly popular in causal inference problems due to their conceptual simplicity, excellent performance and in-built uncertainty quantification ('posterior credible sets'). We investigate Bayesian…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-27 Kolyan Ray , Botond Szabo

The analysis of data from multiple experiments, such as observations of several individuals, is commonly approached using mixed-effects models, which account for variation between individuals through hierarchical representations. This makes…

Computation · Statistics 2026-03-05 Henrik Häggström , Sebastian Persson , Marija Cvijovic , Umberto Picchini

A primary concern of public health researchers involves identifying and quantifying heterogeneous exposure effects across population subgroups. Understanding the magnitude and direction of these effects on a given scale provides researchers…

Applications · Statistics 2024-01-30 Michael Cheung , Anna Dimitrova , Tarik Benmarhnia