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The rapid adoption of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) in offline and enterprise environments has introduced a largely unexamined security risk like susceptibility to adversarial phishing prompts under static safety configurations.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Rina Mishra , Gaurav Varshney , Doddipatla Sesha Sahithi

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs), including ChatGPT, is having a significant impact on a wide range of fields. While LLMs have been extensively researched for tasks such as code generation and text synthesis, their application…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Takashi Koide , Naoki Fukushi , Hiroki Nakano , Daiki Chiba

The effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) significantly relies on the quality of the prompts they receive. However, even when processing identical prompts, LLMs can yield varying outcomes due to differences in their training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Fouad Trad , Ali Chehab

Phishing is an increasingly sophisticated form of cyberattack that is inflicting huge financial damage to corporations throughout the globe while also jeopardizing individuals' privacy. Attackers are constantly devising new methods of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Asif Newaz , Farhan Shahriyar Haq , Nadim Ahmed

Phishing is one of the most prevalent and expensive types of cybercrime faced by organizations and individuals worldwide. Most prior research has focused on various technical features and traditional representations of text to characterize…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Tarini Saka , Rachiyta Jain , Kami Vaniea , Nadin Kökciyan

The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) in domains such as smart cities, transportation, and industrial systems has heightened the urgency of addressing their security vulnerabilities. IoT devices often operate under limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Jake Lyon , Ehsan Saeedizade , Shamik Sengupta

The ever-evolving ways attacker continues to im prove their phishing techniques to bypass existing state-of-the-art phishing detection methods pose a mountain of challenges to researchers in both industry and academia research due to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Tosin Ige , Christopher Kiekintveld , Aritran Piplai

The increase in people's use of mobile messaging services has led to the spread of social engineering attacks like phishing, considering that spam text is one of the main factors in the dissemination of phishing attacks to steal sensitive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Mai A. Shaaban , Yasser F. Hassan , Shawkat K. Guirguis

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly capable, aiding in tasks such as content generation, yet they also pose risks, particularly in generating harmful spear-phishing emails. These emails, crafted to entice clicks on malicious URLs,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Qinglin Qi , Yun Luo , Yijia Xu , Wenbo Guo , Yong Fang

According to the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP), Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is a critical security vulnerability. Despite decades of research, XSS remains among the top 10 security vulnerabilities. Researchers have proposed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Dennis Miczek , Divyesh Gabbireddy , Suman Saha

Malicious websites are responsible for a majority of the cyber-attacks and scams today. Malicious URLs are delivered to unsuspecting users via email, text messages, pop-ups or advertisements. Clicking on or crawling such URLs can result in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Apoorva Joshi , Levi Lloyd , Paul Westin , Srini Seethapathy

Phishing is recognised as a serious threat to organisations and individuals. While there have been significant technical advances in blocking phishing attacks, people remain the last line of defence after phishing emails reach their email…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Sijie Zhuo , Robert Biddle , Yun Sing Koh , Danielle Lottridge , Giovanni Russello

Phishing and sophisticated email-based social engineering attacks disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, such as refugees and immigrant students. However, these groups remain understudied in cybersecurity research. This gap in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Mythili Menon , Nisha Vinayaga-Sureshkanth , Alec Schon , Kaitlyn Hemberger , Murtuza Jadliwala

Phishing websites distribute unsolicited content and are frequently used to commit email and internet fraud; detecting them before any user information is submitted is critical. Several efforts have been made to detect these phishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Chidimma Opara , Yingke Chen , Bo. wei

Phishing is an online identity theft technique where attackers steal users personal information, leading to financial losses for individuals and organizations. With the increasing adoption of smartphones, which provide functionalities…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Diksha Goel

Modern organizations are persistently targeted by phishing emails. Despite advances in detection systems and widespread employee training, attackers continue to innovate, posing ongoing threats. Two emerging vectors stand out in the current…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Marie Weinz , Nicola Zannone , Luca Allodi , Giovanni Apruzzese

Expert systems have been used to enable computers to make recommendations and decisions. This paper presents the use of a machine learning trained expert system (MLES) for phishing site detection and fake news detection. Both topics share a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-19 Benjamin Fitzpatrick , Xinyu "Sherwin" Liang , Jeremy Straub

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained prominence in various applications, including security. This paper explores the utility of LLMs in scam detection, a critical aspect of cybersecurity. Unlike traditional applications, we propose a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Liming Jiang

Spear phishing is a complex targeted attack in which, an attacker harvests information about the victim prior to the attack. This information is then used to create sophisticated, genuine-looking attack vectors, drawing the victim to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2014-06-17 Prateek Dewan , Anand Kashyap , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

The Domain Name System (DNS) protocol plays a major role in today's Internet as it translates between website names and corresponding IP addresses. However, due to the lack of processes for data integrity and origin authentication, the DNS…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Abdallah Moubayed , MohammadNoor Injadat , Abdallah Shami
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