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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted in sensitive domains such as healthcare and financial institutions' data analytics; however, their execution pipelines remain vulnerable to manipulation and unverifiable behavior.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Saeid Jamshidi , Kawser Wazed Nafi , Arghavan Moradi Dakhel , Foutse Khomh , Amin Nikanjam , Mohammad Adnan Hamdaqa

An important problem in smart contract security is understanding the likelihood and criticality of discovered, or potential, weaknesses in contracts. In this paper we provide a summary of Ethereum smart contract audits performed for 23…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-01-13 Alex Groce , Josselin Feist , Gustavo Grieco , Michael Colburn

Many Ethereum smart contracts rely on block attributes such as block.timestamp or blockhash to generate random numbers for applications like lotteries and games. However, these values are predictable and miner-manipulable, creating the Bad…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Hadis Rezaei , Rahim Taheri , Francesco Palmieri

To govern smart contracts running on Ethereum, multiple Ethereum Request for Comment (ERC) standards have been developed, each defining a set of rules governing contract behavior. Violating these rules can cause serious security issues and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Shihao Xia , Mengting He , Shuai Shao , Tingting Yu , Yiying Zhang , Nobuko Yoshida , Linhai Song

Context: Smart contract vulnerabilities pose significant security risks for the Ethereum ecosystem, driving the development of automated tools for detection and mitigation. Smart contracts are written in Solidity, a programming language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Gerardo Iuliano , Davide Corradini , Michele Pasqua , Mariano Ceccato , Dario Di Nucci

Software testing plays a critical role in ensuring that systems behave as intended. However, existing automated testing approaches struggle to match the capabilities of human engineers due to key limitations such as test locality, lack of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Kangping Xu , Yifan Luo , Yang Yuan , Andrew Chi-Chih Yao

Model checking temporal properties of software is algorithmically hard. To be practically feasible, it usually requires the creation of simpler, abstract models of the software, over which the properties are checked. However, creating…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Jesper Amilon , Dilian Gurov

Motivated by the immutable nature of Ethereum smart contracts and of their transactions, quite many approaches have been proposed to detect defects and security problems before smart contracts become persistent in the blockchain and they…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Filippo Contro , Marco Crosara , Mariano Ceccato , Mila Dalla Preda

In proof-of-work based blockchains such as Ethereum, verification of blocks is an integral part of establishing consensus across nodes. However, in Ethereum, miners do not receive a reward for verifying. This implies that miners face the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Maher Alharby , Roben Castagna Lunardi , Amjad Aldweesh , Aad van Moorsel

Converting high-level tasks described by natural language into formal specifications like Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) is a key step towards providing formal safety guarantees over cyber-physical systems (CPS). While the compliance of the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Junle Li , Siqi Chen , Jiakai Li , Meiqi Tian , Bingzhuo Zhong

Smart contracts are crucial elements of decentralized technologies, but they face significant obstacles to trustworthiness due to security bugs and trapdoors. To address the core issue, we propose a technology that enables programmers to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Nikolaj Bjørner , Shuo Chen , Yang Chen , Zhongxin Guo , Peng Liu , Nanqing Luo

Even if the verification of authentication protocols can be achieved by means of formal analysis, the modelling of such an activity is an error-prone task due to the lack of automated and integrated processes. This paper proposes a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Mariapia Raimondo , Stefano Marrone , Angelo Palladino

ERC-20 is the most prominent Ethereum standard for fungible tokens. Tokens implementing the ERC-20 interface can interoperate with a large number of already deployed internet-based services and Ethereum-based smart contracts. In recent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Reza Rahimian , Jeremy Clark

Bitcoin has attracted everyone's attention and interest recently. Ethereum (ETH), a second generation cryptocurrency, extends Bitcoin's design by offering a Turing-complete programming language called Solidity to develop smart contracts.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-04-05 Jiao Jiao , Shuanglong Kan , Shang-Wei Lin , David Sanan , Yang Liu , Jun Sun

This paper reports on the development and verification of a novel formal symbolic process virtual machine (FSPVM) for verifying the reliability and security of Ethereum smart contracts, denoted as FSPVM-E, completely in Coq proof assistant.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-07-04 Zheng Yang , Hang Lei

Smart contracts written in Solidity are programs used in blockchain networks, such as Etherium, for performing transactions. However, as with any piece of software, they are prone to errors and may present vulnerabilities, which malicious…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Kunjian Song , Nedas Matulevicius , Eddie B. de Lima Filho , Lucas C. Cordeiro

Ethereum smart contracts are executable programs, deployed on a peer-to-peer network and executed in a consensus-based fashion. Their bytecode is public, immutable and once deployed to the blockchain, cannot be patched anymore. As smart…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Konrad Weiss , Julian Schütte

Ethereum smart contracts are an innovation built on top of the blockchain technology, which provides a platform for automatically executing contracts in an anonymous, distributed, and trusted way. The problem is magnified by the fact that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-07 Jialiang Chang , Bo Gao , Hao Xiao , Jun Sun , Yan Cai , Zijiang Yang

Smart contracts are central to a myriad of critical blockchain applications, from financial transactions to supply chain management. However, their adoption is hindered by security vulnerabilities that can result in significant financial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Dalila Ressi , Alvise Spanò , Lorenzo Benetollo , Carla Piazza , Michele Bugliesi , Sabina Rossi

Ethereum is currently the second largest blockchain by market capitalization and a popular platform for cryptocurrencies. As it has grown, the high value present and the anonymity afforded by the technology have led Ethereum to become a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Calvin Josenhans , Andrey Kuehlkamp , Jarek Nabrzyski