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Traditional consensus mechanisms, such as Proof of Stake (PoS), increasingly reveal an excessive dependency on large liquidity providers. Although the Proof of Liquidity (PoL) mechanism serves as a critical paradigm for incentivizing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Zekai Liu , Xiaoqi Li , Wenkai Li , Zongwei Li

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used for code generation, but their security reliability remains inconsistent across languages and prompting strategies. Existing prompt engineering improves functional correctness but rarely ensures…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Mohammed F. Kharma , Mohammad Alkhanafseh , Ahmed Sabbah , David Mohaisen

Smart contracts are tools with self-execution capabilities that provide enhanced security compared to traditional contracts; however, their immutability makes post-deployment fault correction extremely complex, highlighting the need for a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Murilo de Souza Neves , Adilson Luiz Bonifacio

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a promising cornerstone for the development of natural language processing (NLP) and artificial intelligence (AI). However, ensuring the robustness of LLMs remains a critical challenge. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Pankaj Kumar , Subhankar Mishra

Smart contracts have been increasingly used together with blockchains to automate financial and business transactions. However, many bugs and vulnerabilities have been identified in many contracts which raises serious concerns about smart…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-05-21 Zhipeng Gao , Lingxiao Jiang , Xin Xia , David Lo , John Grundy

With the rapid advancement of blockchain technology, smart contracts have enabled the implementation of increasingly complex functionalities. However, ensuring the security of smart contracts remains a persistent challenge across the stages…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Yuchen Ding , Hongli Peng , Xiaoqi Li

With the rapid growth of blockchain technology, smart contracts are now crucial to Decentralized Finance (DeFi) applications. Effective vulnerability detection is vital for securing these contracts against hackers and enhancing the accuracy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Jango Zhang

The rapid advancement of pre-trained language models (PLMs) has demonstrated promising results for various code-related tasks. However, their effectiveness in detecting real-world vulnerabilities remains a critical challenge. While existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Youpeng Li , Weiliang Qi , Xuyu Wang , Fuxun Yu , Xinda Wang

In the context of the rising interest in code language models (code LMs) and vulnerability detection, we study the effectiveness of code LMs for detecting vulnerabilities. Our analysis reveals significant shortcomings in existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Yangruibo Ding , Yanjun Fu , Omniyyah Ibrahim , Chawin Sitawarin , Xinyun Chen , Basel Alomair , David Wagner , Baishakhi Ray , Yizheng Chen

This paper introduces a method for detecting vulnerabilities in smart contracts using static analysis and a multi-objective optimization algorithm. We focus on four types of vulnerabilities: reentrancy, call stack overflow, integer…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Dongcheng Li , W. Eric Wong , Xiaodan Wang , Sean Pan , Liang-Seng Koh

Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate code but often introduce security vulnerabilities, logical inconsistencies, and compilation errors. Prior work demonstrates that LLMs benefit substantially from structured feedback, static analysis,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Vidyut Sriram , Sawan Pandita , Achintya Lakshmanan , Aneesh Shamraj , Suman Saha

Traditional vulnerability detection methods rely heavily on predefined rule matching, which often fails to capture vulnerabilities accurately. With the rise of large language models (LLMs), leveraging their ability to understand code…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Xiang Li , Yueci Su , Jiahao Liu , Zhiwei Lin , Yuebing Hou , Peiming Gao , Yuanchao Zhang

Smart contract comment generation has gained traction as a means to improve code comprehension and maintainability in blockchain systems. However, evaluating the quality of generated comments remains a challenge. Traditional metrics such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Fatou Ndiaye Mbodji

Smart contract is a kind of self-executing code based on blockchain technology with a wide range of application scenarios, but the traditional generation method relies on manual coding and expert auditing, which has a high threshold and low…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Hao Luo , Yuhao Lin , Xiao Yan , Xintong Hu , Yuxiang Wang , Qiming Zeng , Hao Wang , Jiawei Jiang

The application layer of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a growing source of security vulnerabilities, as developers often neglect to implement critical protections such as encryption, authentication, and freshness. While formal verification…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Biwei Yan , Yue Zhang , Minghui Xu , Runyu Pan , Jinku Li , Xiuzhen Cheng

The significant increase in software production driven by automation and faster development lifecycles has resulted in a corresponding surge in software vulnerabilities. In parallel, the evolving landscape of software vulnerability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Yuejun Guo , Constantinos Patsakis , Qiang Hu , Qiang Tang , Fran Casino

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate considerable proficiency in numerous coding-related tasks; however, their capabilities in detecting software vulnerabilities remain limited. This limitation primarily stems from two factors: (1) the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Xin-Cheng Wen , Yijun Yang , Cuiyun Gao , Yang Xiao , Deheng Ye

Novice programmers often face challenges in fault localization due to their limited experience and understanding of programming syntax and logic. Traditional methods like Spectrum-Based Fault Localization (SBFL) and Mutation-Based Fault…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Hexiang Xu , Hengyuan Liu , Yonghao Wu , Xiaolan Kang , Xiang Chen , Yong Liu

Loop vulnerabilities are one major risky construct in software development. They can easily lead to infinite loops or executions, exhaust resources, or introduce logical errors that degrade performance and compromise security. The problem…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Adeyemi Adeseye , Aisvarya Adeseye

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has greatly improved our ability to process complex language. However, accurately detecting logical fallacies remains a significant challenge. This study presents a novel and effective prompt…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Jiwon Jeong , Hyeju Jang , Hogun Park