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Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have displayed remarkable creative prowess and emergence capabilities. Existing empirical studies have revealed a strong connection between these LLMs' impressive emergence abilities and their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Dake Bu , Wei Huang , Andi Han , Atsushi Nitanda , Taiji Suzuki , Qingfu Zhang , Hau-San Wong

Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased their In-Context Learning (ICL) capabilities, enabling few-shot learning without the need for gradient updates. Despite its advantages, the effectiveness of ICL heavily depends on the choice of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Vinay M. S. , Minh-Hao Van , Xintao Wu

Transformer models, notably large language models (LLMs), have the remarkable ability to perform in-context learning (ICL) -- to perform new tasks when prompted with unseen input-output examples without any explicit model training. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Steve Yadlowsky , Lyric Doshi , Nilesh Tripuraneni

Transformers have demonstrated remarkable in-context learning (ICL) capabilities, adapting to new tasks by simply conditioning on demonstrations without parameter updates. Compelling empirical and theoretical evidence suggests that ICL, as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Taejong Joo , Diego Klabjan

In-context learning (ICL) allows a language model to improve its problem-solving capability when provided with suitable information in context. Since the choice of in-context information can be determined based on the problem itself,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Yinghui He , Abhishek Panigrahi , Yong Lin , Sanjeev Arora

Many-shot in-context learning (ICL) has emerged as a unique setup to both utilize and test the ability of large language models to handle long context. This paper delves into long-context language model (LCLM) evaluation through many-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Kaijian Zou , Muhammad Khalifa , Lu Wang

In-Context Learning (ICL) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform new tasks by conditioning on prompts with relevant information. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances ICL by incorporating retrieved documents into the LLM's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Marie Al Ghossein , Emile Contal , Alexandre Robicquet

In-context learning (ICL) is a powerful technique for getting language models to perform complex tasks with no training updates. Prior work has established strong correlations between the number of in-context examples provided and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Aryaman Arora , Dan Jurafsky , Christopher Potts , Noah D. Goodman

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive in-context learning (ICL) ability in code generation. LLMs take a prompt consisting of requirement-code examples and a new requirement as input, and output new programs. Existing studies…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Jia Li , Ge Li , Chongyang Tao , Jia Li , Huangzhao Zhang , Fang Liu , Zhi Jin

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited striking in-context learning (ICL) ability to adapt to target tasks with a few input-output demonstrations. For better ICL, different methods are proposed to select representative demonstrations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Wei-Lin Chen , Cheng-Kuang Wu , Yun-Nung Chen , Hsin-Hsi Chen

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on natural language tasks can be improved through both supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and in-context learning (ICL), which operate via distinct mechanisms. Supervised fine-tuning updates the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Saahith Janapati , Yangfeng Ji

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable in-context learning (ICL) abilities. However, existing theoretical analysis of ICL primarily exhibits two limitations: (a) Limited i.i.d. Setting. Most studies focus on supervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Zixuan Gong , Xiaolin Hu , Huayi Tang , Yong Liu

Clinical decision support systems require models that are not only highly accurate but also equitable and sensitive to the implications of missed diagnoses. In this study, we introduce a knowledge-guided in-context learning (ICL) framework…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Fatemeh Nazary , Yashar Deldjoo , Tommaso Di Noia , Eugenio di Sciascio

Despite the surprising few-shot performance of in-context learning (ICL), it is still a common practice to randomly sample examples to serve as context. This paper advocates a new principle for ICL: self-adaptive in-context learning. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Zhiyong Wu , Yaoxiang Wang , Jiacheng Ye , Lingpeng Kong

In-context learning (ICL) enables large language models (LLMs) to adapt to new tasks during inference using only a few demonstrations. However, ICL performance is highly dependent on the selection of these demonstrations. Recent work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zheng Zhang , Shaocheng Lan , Lei Song , Jiang Bian , Yexin Li , Kan Ren

Transformer-based language models excel at in-context learning (ICL), where they can adapt to new tasks based on contextual examples, without parameter updates. In a specific form of ICL, which we refer to as \textit{contextual recall},…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Bhavya Vasudeva , Puneesh Deora , Alberto Bietti , Vatsal Sharan , Christos Thrampoulidis

Large Language models (LLMs) have achieved encouraging results in tabular data generation. However, existing approaches require fine-tuning, which is computationally expensive. This paper explores an alternative: prompting a fixed LLM with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Liancheng Fang , Aiwei Liu , Hengrui Zhang , Henry Peng Zou , Weizhi Zhang , Philip S. Yu

Large pretrained language models (LLMs) can be rapidly adapted to a wide variety of tasks via a text-to-text approach, where the instruction and input are fed to the model in natural language. Combined with in-context learning (ICL), this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Marc-Etienne Brunet , Ashton Anderson , Richard Zemel

Large Language Models(LLMs) have been attracting attention due to a ability called in-context learning(ICL). ICL, without updating the parameters of a LLM, it is possible to achieve highly accurate inference based on rules ``in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Toma Tanaka , Naofumi Emoto , Tsukasa Yumibayashi

Fine-tuning and in-context learning (ICL) are two prevalent methods in imbuing large language models with task-specific knowledge. It is commonly believed that fine-tuning can surpass ICL given sufficient training samples as it allows the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Qingyu Yin , Xuzheng He , Luoao Deng , Chak Tou Leong , Fan Wang , Yanzhao Yan , Xiaoyu Shen , Qiang Zhang