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Online Continual learning is a challenging learning scenario where the model must learn from a non-stationary stream of data where each sample is seen only once. The main challenge is to incrementally learn while avoiding catastrophic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Mattia Sangermano , Antonio Carta , Andrea Cossu , Davide Bacciu

Continual lifelong learning requires an agent or model to learn many sequentially ordered tasks, building on previous knowledge without catastrophically forgetting it. Much work has gone towards preventing the default tendency of machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Shawn Beaulieu , Lapo Frati , Thomas Miconi , Joel Lehman , Kenneth O. Stanley , Jeff Clune , Nick Cheney

Existing literature in Continual Learning (CL) has focused on overcoming catastrophic forgetting, the inability of the learner to recall how to perform tasks observed in the past. There are however other desirable properties of a CL system,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-15 Tom Veniat , Ludovic Denoyer , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato

Continual learning is the ability to sequentially learn over time by accommodating knowledge while retaining previously learned experiences. Neural networks can learn multiple tasks when trained on them jointly, but cannot maintain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-26 Frantzeska Lavda , Jason Ramapuram , Magda Gregorova , Alexandros Kalousis

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly in Natural Language Understanding (NLU) tasks. As we progress toward an agentic world where LLM-based agents autonomously handle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Naimul Haque

Catastrophic forgetting is a significant challenge in continual learning, in which a model loses prior knowledge when it is fine-tuned on new tasks. This problem is particularly critical for large language models (LLMs) undergoing continual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ege Süalp , Mina Rezaei

Catastrophic forgetting and capacity saturation are the central challenges of any parametric lifelong learning system. In this work, we study these challenges in the context of sequential supervised learning with an emphasis on recurrent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Shagun Sodhani , Sarath Chandar , Yoshua Bengio

In this paper, we focus on a long-term continual learning (CL) task, where a model learns sequentially from a stream of vast tasks over time, acquiring new knowledge while retaining previously learned information in a manner akin to human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Tianyu Huai , Jie Zhou , Yuxuan Cai , Qin Chen , Wen Wu , Xingjiao Wu , Xipeng Qiu , Liang He

In many real-world scenarios, data to train machine learning models becomes available over time. Unfortunately, these models struggle to continually learn new concepts without forgetting what has been learnt in the past. This phenomenon is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Beyza Ermis , Giovanni Zappella , Martin Wistuba , Aditya Rawal , Cedric Archambeau

In real-world applications, learning-enabled systems often undergo iterative model development to address challenging or emerging tasks, which involve collecting new data, training a new model and validating the model. This continual model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Gang Li , Wendi Yu , Yao Yao , Wei Tong , Yingbin Liang , Qihang Lin , Tianbao Yang

Learning a set of tasks over time, also known as continual learning (CL), is one of the most challenging problems in artificial intelligence due to catastrophic forgetting. Large language models (LLMs) are often impractical to frequent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Jaya Krishna Mandivarapu

Continual learning (CL) refers to a machine learning paradigm that learns continuously without forgetting previously acquired knowledge. Thereby, major difficulty in CL is catastrophic forgetting of preceding tasks, caused by shifts in data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Stella Ho , Ming Liu , Lan Du , Longxiang Gao , Yong Xiang

This paper studies the fundamental learning problem of the energy-based model (EBM). Learning the EBM can be achieved using the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), which typically involves the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling, such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Jiali Cui , Tian Han

Latent space Energy-Based Models (EBMs), also known as energy-based priors, have drawn growing interests in the field of generative modeling due to its flexibility in the formulation and strong modeling power of the latent space. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Peiyu Yu , Yaxuan Zhu , Sirui Xie , Xiaojian Ma , Ruiqi Gao , Song-Chun Zhu , Ying Nian Wu

The goal of continual learning (CL) is to learn a sequence of tasks without suffering from the phenomenon of catastrophic forgetting. Previous work has shown that leveraging memory in the form of a replay buffer can reduce performance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Sayna Ebrahimi , Suzanne Petryk , Akash Gokul , William Gan , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Marcus Rohrbach , Trevor Darrell

The continual learning (CL) paradigm aims to enable neural networks to learn tasks continually in a sequential fashion. The fundamental challenge in this learning paradigm is catastrophic forgetting previously learned tasks when the model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Ghada Sokar , Decebal Constantin Mocanu , Mykola Pechenizkiy

Continual Learning research typically focuses on tackling the phenomenon of catastrophic forgetting in neural networks. Catastrophic forgetting is associated with an abrupt loss of knowledge previously learned by a model when the task, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-06 MohammadReza Davari , Nader Asadi , Sudhir Mudur , Rahaf Aljundi , Eugene Belilovsky

Engineering problems that apply machine learning often involve computationally intensive methods but rely on limited datasets. As engineering data evolves with new designs and constraints, models must incorporate new knowledge over time.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Kaira M. Samuel , Faez Ahmed

Continual learning aims to learn continuously from a stream of tasks and data in an online-learning fashion, being capable of exploiting what was learned previously to improve current and future tasks while still being able to perform well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-31 Quang Pham , Doyen Sahoo , Chenghao Liu , Steven C. H Hoi

Catastrophic forgetting is a pervasive issue for pre-trained language models (PLMs) during continual learning, where models lose previously acquired knowledge when sequentially trained on a series of tasks. The model's ability to retain old…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Biqing Zeng , Zehan Li , Aladdin Ayesh