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A Merkle tree is an information construction that is used in Blockchain to verify data or transactions in a large content pool in a safe manner. The role of the Merkle tree is crucial in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies in a Blockchain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-28 M. Gracy , B. Rebecca Jeyavadhanam

In the evolving landscape of quantum technology, the increasing prominence of quantum computing poses a significant threat to the security of conventional public key infrastructure. Quantum key distribution (QKD), an established quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-15 Kaiwei Qiu , Jing Yan Haw , Hao Qin , Nelly H. Y. Ng , Michael Kasper , Alexander Ling

Integrity of audit logs produced by Internet of Things (IoT) devices is a prerequisite for post-incident forensics, regulatory compliance, and operational accountability. While blockchain-backed logging infrastructures can satisfy this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Muhammet Anil Yagiz , Fahrettin Horasan , Ahmet Hasim Yurttakal

This paper presents a practical solution to the problem of limited bandwidth in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)- secured communication through using rapidly rekeyed Internet Protocol security (IPsec) links. QKD is a cutting-edge security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Stefan Marksteiner , Benjamin Rainer , Oliver Maurhart

Blockchain provides a decentralized and tamper-resistant ledger for securely recording transactions across a network of untrusted nodes. While its transparency and integrity are beneficial, the substantial storage requirements for…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ce Zhang , Cheng Xu , Haibo Hu , Jianliang Xu

The perpetual growth of data stored on popular blockchains such as Ethereum leads to significant scalability challenges and substantial storage costs for operators of full nodes. Increasing costs may lead to fewer independently operated…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Ruben Hias , Weihong Wang , Jan Vanhoof , Tom Van Cutsem

We present~\emph{KV-Tandem}, a modular architecture for building LSM-based storage engines on top of simple, non-ordered persistent key-value stores (KVSs). KV-Tandem enables advanced functionalities such as range queries and snapshot…

With an increasingly diverse portfolio of quantum backends, the adoption of standardized interfaces has become a key prerequisite for scalable access and interoperability within quantum software stacks. The Quantum Device Management…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Patrick Hopf , Sebastian Stern , Robert Wille , Lukas Burgholzer

With the current rate of data growth, processing needs are becoming difficult to fulfill due to CPU power and energy limitations. Data serving systems and especially persistent key-value stores have become a substantial part of data…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Stella Mikrou , Anastasios Papagiannis , Giorgos Saloustros , Manolis Marazakis , Angelos Bilas

We report the first quantum key distribution (QKD) systems capable of delivering sustainable, real-time secure keys continuously at rates exceeding 10 Mb/s. To achieve such rates, we developed high speed post-processing modules, achieving…

Authenticated data storage on an untrusted platform is an important computing paradigm for cloud applications ranging from big-data outsourcing, to cryptocurrency and certificate transparency log. These modern applications increasingly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Yuzhe Tang , Ju Chen , Kai Li , Jianliang Xu , Qi Zhang

Operating nodes in an L1 blockchain remains costly despite recent advances in blockchain technology. One of the most resource-intensive components of a node is the blockchain database, also known as StateDB, that manages balances, nonce,…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Herbert Jordan , Kamil Jezek , Pavle Subotic , Bernhard Scholz

As quantum computing systems continue to scale up and become more clustered, efficiently compiling user quantum programs into high fidelity executable sequences on real hardware remains a key challenge for current quantum compilation…

Blockchain is an incrementally updated ledger maintained by distributed nodes rather than centralized organizations. The current blockchain technology faces scalability issues, which include two aspects: low transaction throughput and high…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Xiangyu Wang , Ting Yang , Yu Wang

Corporations today collect data at an unprecedented and accelerating scale, making the need to run queries on large datasets increasingly important. Technologies such as columnar block-based data organization and compression have become…

Merkle trees have become a widely successful cryptographic data structure. Enabling a vast variety of applications from checking for inconsistencies in databases like Dynamo to essential tools like Git to large scale distributed systems…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Anoushk Kharangate

Existing data storage systems offer a wide range of functionalities to accommodate an equally diverse range of applications. However, new classes of applications have emerged, e.g., blockchain and collaborative analytics, featuring data…

The emergence of quantum computing poses significant risks to the security of modern communication networks as it breaks today's public-key cryptographic algorithms. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers a promising solution by harnessing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Ali Al-kuwari , Noureldin Mohamed , Saif Al-kuwari , Ahmed Farouk , Bikash K. Behera

A sparse Merkle tree is a Merkle tree with fixed height and indexed leaves given by a map from indices to leaf values. It allows for both efficient membership and non-membership proofs. It has been widely used as an authenticated data…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Boqian Ma , Vir Nath Pathak , Lanping Liu , Sushmita Ruj

Quantum memories are enabling devices for extending the reach of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. The required specifications for memories are, however, often considered too demanding for available technologies. One can change this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-17 Nicoló Lo Piparo , Mohsen Razavi , Christiana Panayi