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Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered considerable attention owing to their remarkable capabilities, leading to an increasing number of companies offering LLMs as services. Different LLMs achieve different performance at different…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Yueyue Liu , Hongyu Zhang , Yuantian Miao , Van-Hoang Le , Zhiqiang Li

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced code generation efficiency, they face inherent challenges in balancing performance and inference costs across diverse programming tasks. Dynamically selecting the optimal LLM…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Junhang Cheng , Fang Liu , Chengru Wu , Li Zhang

The rapid progress in machine learning (ML) has brought forth many large language models (LLMs) that excel in various tasks and areas. These LLMs come with different abilities and costs in terms of computation or pricing. Since the demand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Quang H. Nguyen , Thinh Dao , Duy C. Hoang , Juliette Decugis , Saurav Manchanda , Nitesh V. Chawla , Khoa D. Doan

Recently, the number of off-the-shelf Large Language Models (LLMs) has exploded with many open-source options. This creates a diverse landscape regarding both serving options (e.g., inference on local hardware vs remote LLM APIs) and model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Dimitrios Sikeridis , Dennis Ramdass , Pranay Pareek

Today's pursuit of a single Large Language Model (LMM) for all software engineering tasks is resource-intensive and overlooks the potential benefits of complementarity, where different models contribute unique strengths. However, the degree…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fernando Vallecillos-Ruiz , Max Hort , Leon Moonen

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely adopted due to their remarkable performance across various applications, driving the accelerated development of a large number of diverse models. However, these individual LLMs show limitations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Kaushal Kumar Maurya , KV Aditya Srivatsa , Ekaterina Kochmar

Entity resolution, the task of identifying and merging records that refer to the same real-world entity, is crucial in sectors like e-commerce, healthcare, and law enforcement. Large Language Models (LLMs) introduce an innovative approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Huahang Li , Longyu Feng , Shuangyin Li , Fei Hao , Chen Jason Zhang , Yuanfeng Song

Combining large language models during training or at inference time has shown substantial performance gain over component LLMs. This paper presents LLM-TOPLA, a diversity-optimized LLM ensemble method with three unique properties: (i) We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Selim Furkan Tekin , Fatih Ilhan , Tiansheng Huang , Sihao Hu , Ling Liu

Ensemble learning has been widely used in machine learning to improve model robustness, accuracy, and generalization, but has not yet been applied to code generation tasks with large language models (LLMs). We propose an ensemble approach…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Tarek Mahmud , Bin Duan , Corina Pasareanu , Guowei Yang

LLM Ensemble -- which involves the comprehensive use of multiple large language models (LLMs), each aimed at handling user queries during downstream inference, to benefit from their individual strengths -- has gained substantial attention…

Large language models (LLMs) offer substantial promise for text classification in political science, yet their effectiveness often depends on high-quality prompts and exemplars. To address this, we introduce a three-stage framework that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Menglin Liu , Ge Shi

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive zero/few-shot inference and generation quality for high-resource languages (HRLs). A few of them have been trained on low-resource languages (LRLs) and give decent performance. Owing to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Arijit Nag , Animesh Mukherjee , Niloy Ganguly , Soumen Chakrabarti

Algorithm selection, a critical process of automated machine learning, aims to identify the most suitable algorithm for solving a specific problem prior to execution. Mainstream algorithm selection techniques heavily rely on problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Xingyu Wu , Yan Zhong , Jibin Wu , Bingbing Jiang , Kay Chen Tan

This study introduces an ensemble framework for unstructured text categorization using large language models (LLMs). By integrating multiple models, the ensemble large language model (eLLM) framework addresses common weaknesses of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Ariel Kamen , Yakov Kamen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential as effective search relevance evaluators. However, there is a lack of comprehensive guidance on which models consistently perform optimally across various contexts or within specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Silvia Terragni , Hoang Cuong , Joachim Daiber , Pallavi Gudipati , Pablo N. Mendes

There is a rapidly growing number of large language models (LLMs) that users can query for a fee. We review the cost associated with querying popular LLM APIs, e.g. GPT-4, ChatGPT, J1-Jumbo, and find that these models have heterogeneous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Lingjiao Chen , Matei Zaharia , James Zou

Mathematical optimization is a powerful tool for structured decision-making across domains such as resource allocation and planning. Formulating optimization models faithful to reality, though, remains a significant bottleneck as it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Eleni Straitouri , Cheol Woo Kim , Milind Tambe

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant advances in text generation but often lack the reliability needed for autonomous deployment in high-stakes domains like healthcare, law, and finance. Existing approaches rely on external…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Ninad Naik

Generative AI and LLMs in particular are heavily used nowadays for various document processing tasks such as question answering and summarization. However, different LLMs come with different capabilities for different tasks as well as with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Shivanshu Shekhar , Tanishq Dubey , Koyel Mukherjee , Apoorv Saxena , Atharv Tyagi , Nishanth Kotla

The output of Large Language Models (LLMs) are a function of the internal model's parameters and the input provided into the context window. The hypothesis presented here is that under a greedy sampling strategy the variance in the LLM's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Srijith Rajamohan , Ahmed Salhin , Josh Frazier , Rohit Kumar , Yu-Cheng Tsai , Todd Cook
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