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Vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP demonstrate strong performance but struggle when adapted to downstream tasks. Prompt learning has emerged as an efficient and effective strategy to adapt VLMs while preserving their pre-trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Xiwen Chen , Wenhui Zhu , Peijie Qiu , Hao Wang , Huayu Li , Haiyu Wu , Aristeidis Sotiras , Yalin Wang , Abolfazl Razi

To perform outdoor visual navigation and search, a robot may leverage satellite imagery to generate visual priors. This can help inform high-level search strategies, even when such images lack sufficient resolution for target recognition.…

Test-time adaptation (TTA) of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) has emerged as a technique for tackling distribution shifts during the test time. Recent research indicates that the test-time adaptation is intrinsically linked to the model's…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Aodi Li , Liansheng Zhuang , Xiao Long , Houqiang Li , Shafei Wang

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) such as CLIP have yielded unprecedented performance for zero-shot image classification, yet their generalization capability may still be seriously challenged when confronted to domain shifts. In response, we…

Few-Shot Remote Sensing Scene Classification (FS-RSSC) presents the challenge of classifying remote sensing images with limited labeled samples. Existing methods typically emphasize single-modal feature learning, neglecting the potential…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Zhong Ji , Ci Liu , Jingren Liu , Chen Tang , Yanwei Pang , Xuelong Li

In modern industrial systems, machinery frequently operates under dynamic environments with continuously varying loads and speeds. Consequently, deep learning-based fault diagnosis models often suffer from severe performance degradation…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-22 Yakun Wang , Pengyu Han , Zeyi Liu , Xiao He , Dongming Cai , Hongshuo Zhao

Since distribution shifts are likely to occur during test-time and can drastically decrease the model's performance, online test-time adaptation (TTA) continues to update the model after deployment, leveraging the current test data.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Robert A. Marsden , Mario Döbler , Bin Yang

Training state-of-the-art vision models has become prohibitively expensive for researchers and practitioners. For the sake of accessibility and resource reuse, it is important to focus on adapting these models to a variety of downstream…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Malik Boudiaf , Romain Mueller , Ismail Ben Ayed , Luca Bertinetto

Vision-language foundation models (VLMs), such as CLIP, exhibit remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks. However, deploying these models can be unreliable when significant distribution gaps exist between training and test data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zongbo Han , Jialong Yang , Guangyu Wang , Junfan Li , Qianli Xu , Mike Zheng Shou , Changqing Zhang

The ability to accurately comprehend natural language instructions and navigate to the target location is essential for an embodied agent. Such agents are typically required to execute user instructions in an online manner, leading us to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Junyu Gao , Xuan Yao , Changsheng Xu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a technique used to reduce distribution gaps between the training and testing sets by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. In this work, we expand TTA to a more practical scenario, where the test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Chenyan Wu , Yimu Pan , Yandong Li , James Z. Wang

Online Test-Time Adaptation (OTTA) enhances model robustness by updating pre-trained models with unlabeled data during testing. In healthcare, OTTA is vital for real-time tasks like predicting blood pressure from biosignals, which demand…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-28 Yong-Yeon Jo , Byeong Tak Lee , Beom Joon Kim , Jeong-Ho Hong , Hak Seung Lee , Joon-myoung Kwon

Vision-language models (VLMs) struggle in open-world applications, where out-of-distribution (OOD) concepts often trigger cross-modal alignment collapse and severely degrade zero-shot performance. We identify the root cause as modal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Jensen Zhang , Ningyuan Liu , Keze Wang

Providing a promising pathway to link the human brain with external devices, Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) have seen notable advancements in decoding capabilities, primarily driven by increasingly sophisticated techniques, especially…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Martin Wimpff , Mario Döbler , Bin Yang

Continual Test Time Adaptation (CTTA) is a task that requires a source pre-trained model to continually adapt to new scenarios with changing target distributions. Existing CTTA methods primarily focus on mitigating the challenges of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Jinlong Li , Dong Zhao , Qi Zang , Zequn Jie , Lin Ma , Nicu Sebe

Recently, Miller et al. (2021) and Baek et al. (2022) empirically demonstrated strong linear correlations between in-distribution (ID) versus out-of-distribution (OOD) accuracy and agreement. These trends, coined accuracy-on-the-line (ACL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Eungyeup Kim , Mingjie Sun , Christina Baek , Aditi Raghunathan , J. Zico Kolter

Multi-modal test-time adaptation (TTA) enhances the resilience of benchmark multi-modal models against distribution shifts by leveraging the unlabeled target data during inference. Despite the documented success, the advancement of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jinglin Xu , Yi Li , Chuxiong Sun , Xiao Xu , Jiangmeng Li , Fanjiang Xu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) of visual language models has recently attracted significant attention as a solution to the performance degradation caused by distribution shifts in downstream tasks. However, existing cache-based TTA methods have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Haotian Zhai , Xinyu Chen , Can Zhang , Tianming Sha , Ruirui Li

We introduce Ev-TTA, a simple, effective test-time adaptation algorithm for event-based object recognition. While event cameras are proposed to provide measurements of scenes with fast motions or drastic illumination changes, many existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Junho Kim , Inwoo Hwang , Young Min Kim

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) models often suffer from performance degradation in real-world applications due to distribution shifts in activity patterns across individuals. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) is an emerging learning paradigm…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Shuoyuan Wang , Jindong Wang , HuaJun Xi , Bob Zhang , Lei Zhang , Hongxin Wei