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Drawing reliable inferences from data involves many, sometimes arbitrary, decisions across phases of data collection, wrangling, and modeling. As different choices can lead to diverging conclusions, understanding how researchers make…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Yang Liu , Tim Althoff , Jeffrey Heer

Online experiments are ubiquitous. As the scale of experiments has grown, so has the complexity of their design and implementation. In response, firms have developed software frameworks for designing and deploying online experiments.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Emma Tosch , Eytan Bakshy , Emery D. Berger , David D. Jensen , J. Eliot B. Moss

When an analyst or scientist has a belief about how the world works, their thinking can be biased in favor of that belief. Therefore, one bedrock principle of science is to minimize that bias by testing the predictions of one's belief…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Cindy Xiong , Chase Stokes , Yea-Seul Kim , Steven Franconeri

A common technique to verify complex logic specifications for dynamical systems is the construction of symbolic abstractions: simpler, finite-state models whose behaviour mimics the one of the systems of interest. Typically, abstractions…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-30 Rudi Coppola , Andrea Peruffo , Manuel Mazo

The use of patient-level information from previous studies, registries, and other external datasets can support the analysis of single-arm and randomized controlled trials to evaluate and test experimental treatments. However, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-23 Gopal Kotecha , Daniel E. Schwartz , Steffen Ventz , Lorenzo Trippa

When domain knowledge is limited and experimentation is restricted by ethical, financial, or time constraints, practitioners turn to observational causal discovery methods to recover the causal structure, exploiting the statistical…

Extensive evaluation on a large number of word embedding models for language processing applications is conducted in this work. First, we introduce popular word embedding models and discuss desired properties of word models and evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Bin Wang , Angela Wang , Fenxiao Chen , Yuncheng Wang , C. -C. Jay Kuo

This paper clarifies a fundamental difference between causal inference and traditional statistical inference by formalizing a mathematical distinction between their respective parameters. We connect two major approaches to causal inference,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-29 Muye Liu , Jun Xie

Many decisions in healthcare, business, and other policy domains are made without the support of rigorous evidence due to the cost and complexity of performing randomized experiments. Using observational data to answer causal questions is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-02 Alejandro Schuler , Ken Jung , Robert Tibshirani , Trevor Hastie , Nigam Shah

Factorial designs are frequently used in different fields of science, e.g. psychological, medical or biometric studies. Standard approaches, as the ANOVA $F$-test, make different assumptions on the distribution of the error terms, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-02-21 Maria Umlauft

In this paper we propose a measure of clustering quality or accuracy that is appropriate in situations where it is desirable to evaluate a clustering algorithm by somehow comparing the clusters it produces with ``ground truth' consisting of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-01-07 Byron E Dom

With recent advances in natural language processing, rationalization becomes an essential self-explaining diagram to disentangle the black box by selecting a subset of input texts to account for the major variation in prediction. Yet,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Wenbo Zhang , Tong Wu , Yunlong Wang , Yong Cai , Hengrui Cai

Static analysis is an essential component of many modern software development tools. Unfortunately, the ever-increasing complexity of static analyzers makes their coding error-prone. Even analysis tools based on rigorous mathematical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Daniela Ferreiro , Ignacio Casso , Jose F. Morales , Pedro López-García , Manuel V. Hermenegildo

Inspections and testing are two of the most commonly performed software quality assurance processes today. Typically, these processes are applied in isolation, which, however, fails to exploit the benefits of systematically combining and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2013-11-18 Frank Elberzhager , Jürgen Münch , Dieter Rombach , Bernd Freimut

This paper explores Bayesian estimation for categorical data, focusing on simple yet effective models that provide a foundation for applying more advanced methods accurately and reliably in real-world applications. We begin by revisiting…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-03 Jan Kalina

Traditional statistical theory assumes that the analysis to be performed on a given data set is selected independently of the data themselves. This assumption breaks downs when data are re-used across analyses and the analysis to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-06 Adam Smith

Universal outlier hypothesis testing is studied in a sequential setting. Multiple observation sequences are collected, a small subset of which are outliers. A sequence is considered an outlier if the observations in that sequence are…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-11-27 Yun Li , Sirin Nitinawarat , Venugopal V. Veeravalli

A data science task can be deemed as making sense of the data or testing a hypothesis about it. The conclusions inferred from data can greatly guide us to make informative decisions. Big data has enabled us to carry out countless prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Wenhao Zhang , Ramin Ramezani , Arash Naeim

Testing hypotheses is an issue of primary importance in the scientific research, as well as in many other human activities. Much clarification about it can be achieved if the process of learning from data is framed in a stochastic model of…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2007-05-23 G. D'Agostini

Sensitivity Analysis is a framework to assess how conclusions drawn from missing outcome data may be vulnerable to departures from untestable underlying assumptions. We extend the E-value, a popular metric for quantifying robustness of…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-31 Wu Xue , Abbas Zaidi