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Experimental and observational studies often lack validity due to untestable assumptions. We propose a double machine learning approach to combine experimental and observational studies, allowing practitioners to test for assumption…

Statistical methods are based on model assumptions, and it is statistical folklore that a method's model assumptions should be checked before applying it. This can be formally done by running one or more misspecification tests of model…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-18 M. Iqbal Shamsudheen , Christian Hennig

The presence of units with extreme values in the dependent and/or independent variables (i.e., vertical outliers, leveraged data) has the potential to severely bias regression coefficients and/or standard errors. This is common with short…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-12-12 Annalivia Polselli

A scientific phenomenon under study may often be manifested by data arising from processes, i.e. sources, that may describe this phenomenon. In this contex of multi-source data, we define the "out-of-source" error, that is the error…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-06-08 Georgios Afendras , Marianthi Markatou

Integrating inspection processes with testing processes promises to deliver several benefits, including reduced effort for quality assurance or higher defect detection rates. Systematic integration of these processes requires knowledge…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2013-12-04 Frank Elberzhager , Robert Eschbach , Jürgen Münch

The features of a logically sound approach to a theory of statistical reasoning are discussed. A particular approach that satisfies these criteria is reviewed. This is seen to involve selection of a model, model checking, elicitation of a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-05-09 Luai Al-Labadi , Zeynep Baskurt , Michael Evans

We consider the problem of evaluating the performance of a decision policy using past observational data. The outcome of a policy is measured in terms of a loss (aka. disutility or negative reward) and the main problem is making valid…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-07-03 Sofia Ek , Dave Zachariah , Fredrik D. Johansson , Petre Stoica

External labeling is frequently used for annotating features in graphical displays and visualizations, such as technical illustrations, anatomical drawings, or maps, with textual information. Such a labeling connects features within an…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Michael A. Bekos , Benjamin Niedermann , Martin Nöllenburg

Pre-validation is a way to build prediction model with two datasets of significantly different feature dimensions. Previous work showed that the asymptotic distribution of the resulting test statistic for the pre-validated predictor…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-23 Jing Shang , Sourav Chatterjee , Trevor Hastie , Robert Tibshirani

In this paper, we study the problem of determining $k$ anomalous random variables that have different probability distributions from the rest $(n-k)$ random variables. Instead of sampling each individual random variable separately as in the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Myung Cho , Weiyu Xu , Lifeng Lai

This paper concerns sequential computation of risk measures for financial data and asks how, given a risk measurement procedure, we can tell whether the answers it produces are `correct'. We draw the distinction between `external' and…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2015-11-20 Mark H. A. Davis

A flexible representation of uncertainty that remains within the standard framework of probabilistic measure theory is presented along with a study of its properties. This representation relies on a specific type of outer measure that is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-10 Jeremie Houssineau , Daniel E. Clark

Visual analytics (VA) tools support data exploration by helping analysts quickly and iteratively generate views of data which reveal interesting patterns. However, these tools seldom enable explicit checks of the resulting interpretations…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Alex Kale , Ziyang Guo , Xiao Li Qiao , Jeffrey Heer , Jessica Hullman

All scientific interpretations of statistical outputs depend on background (auxiliary) assumptions that are rarely delineated or explicitly interrogated. These include not only the usual modeling assumptions, but also deeper assumptions…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-01 Sander Greenland , Zad Rafi , Robert Matthews , Megan Higgs

We address the lack of reliability in benchmarking clustering techniques based on labeled datasets. A standard scheme in external clustering validation is to use class labels as ground truth clusters, based on the assumption that each class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Hyeon Jeon , Michael Aupetit , DongHwa Shin , Aeri Cho , Seokhyeon Park , Jinwook Seo

Optimization is widely used for decision making across various domains, valued for its ability to improve efficiency. However, poor implementation practices can lead to unintended consequences, particularly in socioeconomic contexts where…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Pegah Nokhiz , Aravinda Kanchana Ruwanpathirana , Helen Nissenbaum

While observational data are routinely used to estimate causal effects of biomedical treatments, doing so requires special methods to adjust for observed confounding. These methods invariably rely on untestable statistical and causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-02 Arman Oganisian

Cross-validation is one of the most popular model selection methods in statistics and machine learning. Despite its wide applicability, traditional cross validation methods tend to select overfitting models, due to the ignorance of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-12-25 Jing Lei

This work is motivated by a question at the heart of unsupervised learning approaches: Assume we are collecting a number K of (subjective) opinions about some event E from K different agents. Can we infer E from them? Prima facie this seems…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-05-15 Janis Nötzel , Walter Swetly

For obtaining causal inferences that are objective, and therefore have the best chance of revealing scientific truths, carefully designed and executed randomized experiments are generally considered to be the gold standard. Observational…

Applications · Statistics 2008-11-12 Donald B. Rubin