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This article identifies a critical incompatibility between European notions of discrimination and existing statistical measures of fairness. First, we review the evidential requirements to bring a claim under EU non-discrimination law. Due…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-13 Sandra Wachter , Brent Mittelstadt , Chris Russell

Computational Law has begun taking the role in society which has been predicted for some time. Automated decision-making and systems which assist users are now used in various jurisdictions, but with this maturity come certain caveats.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Kaspar Rosager Ludvigsen , Shishir Nagaraja , Angela Daly

This paper critically examines the evolving ethical and regulatory challenges posed by the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in cybersecurity. We trace the historical development of AI regulation, highlighting major milestones…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Vikram Kulothungan

The received wisdom is that artificial intelligence (AI) is a competition between the US and China. In this chapter, the author will examine how the European Union (EU) fits into that mix and what it can offer as a third way to govern AI.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Charlotte Stix

The authors are concerned about the safety, health, and rights of the European citizens due to inadequate measures and procedures required by the current draft of the EU Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act for the conformity assessment of AI…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-05 Bernhard Nessler , Thomas Doms , Sepp Hochreiter

Advances in Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) are resulting in AI-generated media output that is (nearly) indistinguishable from human-created content. This can drastically impact users and the media sector, especially given global…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Abdallah El Ali , Karthikeya Puttur Venkatraj , Sophie Morosoli , Laurens Naudts , Natali Helberger , Pablo Cesar

We summarize the potential impact that the European Union's new General Data Protection Regulation will have on the routine use of machine learning algorithms. Slated to take effect as law across the EU in 2018, it will restrict automated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-25 Bryce Goodman , Seth Flaxman

The growing availability and use of deepfake technologies increases risks for democratic societies, e.g., for political communication on online platforms. The EU has responded with transparency obligations for providers and deployers of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Max-Paul Förster , Luca Deck , Raimund Weidlich , Niklas Kühl

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a European Union regulation that will replace the existing Data Protection Directive on 25 May 2018. The most significant change is a huge increase in the maximum fine that can be levied for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-18 John KC Kingston

The rapid expansion of AI-driven applications powered by large language models has led to a surge in AI interaction data, raising urgent challenges in security, accountability, and risk traceability. This paper presents AiAuditTrack (AAT),…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Zixun Luo , Yuhang Fan , Yufei Li , Youzhi Zhang , Hengyu Lin , Ziqi Wang

Artificial intelligence (AI) now permeates critical infrastructures and decision-making systems where failures produce social, economic, and democratic harm. This position paper challenges the entrenched belief that regulation and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Josu Eguiluz Castañeira , Axel Brando , Migle Laukyte , Marc Serra-Vidal

Artificial Intelligence is one of the fastest growing technologies of the 21st century and accompanies us in our daily lives when interacting with technical applications. However, reliance on such technical systems is crucial for their…

As a powerful and rapidly advancing dual-use technology, AI offers both immense benefits and worrisome risks. In response, governing bodies around the world are developing a range of regulatory AI laws and policies. This paper compares…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Jon Chun , Christian Schroeder de Witt , Katherine Elkins

This article sheds light on legal implications and challenges surrounding emotion data processing within the EU's legal framework. Despite the sensitive nature of emotion data, the GDPR does not categorize it as special data, resulting in a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Andreas Hauselmann , Alan M. Sears , Lex Zard , Eduard Fosch-Villaronga

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are increasingly employed in diverse real-world applications, there has been significant interest in regulating these tools. To this end, several regulatory frameworks have been introduced by different…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Alex Oesterling , Usha Bhalla , Suresh Venkatasubramanian , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Autonomous AI agents present transformative opportunities and significant governance challenges. Existing frameworks, such as the EU AI Act and the NIST AI Risk Management Framework, fall short of addressing the complexities of these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Tomer Jordi Chaffer , Charles von Goins , Bayo Okusanya , Dontrail Cotlage , Justin Goldston

The shape of AI regulation is beginning to emerge, most prominently through the EU AI Act (the "AIA"). By 2027, the AIA will be in full effect, and firms are starting to adjust their behavior in light of this new law. In this paper, we…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Rui-Jie Yew , Bill Marino , Suresh Venkatasubramanian

The rapid proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has led to a dynamic regulatory landscape, where legislative frameworks strive to keep pace with technical advancements. As AI paradigms shift towards greater autonomy,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Shiliang Zhang , Sabita Maharjan

Unfair treatment and discrimination are critical ethical concerns in AI systems, particularly as their adoption expands across diverse domains. Addressing these challenges, the recent introduction of the EU AI Act establishes a unified…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Arjun Roy , Stavroula Rizou , Symeon Papadopoulos , Eirini Ntoutsi

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in critical applications. Thus, the need for dependable AI systems is rapidly growing. In 2018, the European Commission appointed experts to a High-Level Expert Group on AI (AI-HLEG).…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Markus Borg , Joshua Bronson , Linus Christensson , Fredrik Olsson , Olof Lennartsson , Elias Sonnsjö , Hamid Ebabi , Martin Karsberg