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Let $G$ be a graph that admits a perfect matching. A {\sf forcing set} for a perfect matching $M$ of $G$ is a subset $S$ of $M$, such that $S$ is contained in no other perfect matching of $G$. This notion originally arose in chemistry in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-03-17 Peyman Afshani , Hamed Hatami , Ebadollah S. Mahmoodian

For a graph $G$ and $a,b\in V(G)$, the shortest path reconfiguration graph of $G$ with respect to $a$ and $b$ is denoted by $S(G,a,b)$. The vertex set of $S(G,a,b)$ is the set of all shortest paths between $a$ and $b$ in $G$. Two vertices…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-05-29 John Asplund , Kossi Edoh , Ruth Haas , Yulia Hristova , Beth Novick , Brett Werner

The degree-constrained subgraph problem asks for a subgraph of a given graph such that the degree of each vertex is within some specified bounds. We study the following reconfiguration variant of this problem: Given two solutions to a…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-08-07 Moritz Mühlenthaler

We study the problem of checking the existence of a step-by-step transformation of $d$-regular induced subgraphs in a graph, where $d \ge 0$ and each step in the transformation must follow a fixed reconfiguration rule. Our problem for $d=0$…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Hiroshi Eto , Takehiro Ito , Yasuaki Kobayashi , Yota Otachi , Kunihiro Wasa

Under the reconfiguration framework, we consider the various ways that a target graph $H$ is a {\em minor} of a host graph $G$, where a subgraph of $G$ can be transformed into $H$ by means of {\em edge contraction} (replacement of both…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-26 Benjamin Moore , Naomi Nishimura , Vijay Subramanya

Zero forcing can be described as a combinatorial game on a graph that uses a color change rule in which vertices change white vertices to blue. The throttling number of a graph minimizes the sum of the number of vertices initially colored…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-02-23 Joshua Carlson , Juergen Kritschgau

A forcing set for a perfect matching of a graph is defined as a subset of the edges of that perfect matching such that there exists a unique perfect matching containing it. A complete forcing set for a graph is a subset of its edges, such…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-09-27 Javad B. Ebrahimi , Aref Nemayande , Elahe Tohidi

Zero forcing is a binary coloring game on a graph where a set of filled vertices can force non-filled vertices to become filled following a color change rule. In 2008, the zero forcing number of a graph was shown to be an upper bound on its…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-12 Thomas R. Cameron , Jonad Pulaj

We study a new reconfiguration problem inspired by classic mechanical puzzles: a colored token is placed on each vertex of a given graph; we are also given a set of distinguished cycles on the graph. We are tasked with rearranging the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Kwon Kham Sai , Ryuhei Uehara , Giovanni Viglietta

We study problems of reconfiguration of shortest paths in graphs. We prove that the shortest reconfiguration sequence can be exponential in the size of the graph and that it is NP-hard to compute the shortest reconfiguration sequence even…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-05-19 Marcin Kaminski , Paul Medvedev , Martin Milanic

In a graph, a vertex dominates itself and its neighbors, and a dominating set is a set of vertices that together dominate the entire graph. Given a graph and two dominating sets of equal size $k$, the {\em Dominating Set Reconfiguration…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Jona Dirks , Alexandre Vigny

For a graph $H$ and an integer $k\ge 1$, the \emph{Token Sliding reconfiguration graph} $\mathsf{TS}_k(H)$ and the \emph{Token Jumping reconfiguration graph} $\mathsf{TJ}_k(H)$ have as vertices the $k$-cliques of $H$, with two vertices…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-07 Duc A. Hoang

In a reconfiguration setting, each clique of a graph $G$ is viewed as a set of tokens placed on vertices of $G$ such that no vertex has more than one token and any two tokens are adjacent. Three well-known reconfiguration rules have been…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-15 Quan N. Lam , Huu An Phan , Duc A. Hoang

Several researchers have recently explored various graph parameters that can or cannot be characterized by the spectrum of a matrix associated with a graph. In this paper we show that several NP-hard zero forcing numbers are not…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-04-25 Aida Abiad , Boris Brimkov , Jane Breen , Thomas R. Cameron , Himanshu Gupta , Ralihe R. Villagrán

We survey results concerning reconfigurations of colourings and dominating sets in graphs. The vertices of the $k$-colouring graph $\mathcal{C}_{k}(G)$ of a graph $G$ correspond to the proper $k$-colourings of a graph $G$, with two…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-03-16 C. M. Mynhardt , S. Nasserasr

Given a dominating set, how much smaller a dominating set can we find through elementary operations? Here, we proceed by iterative vertex addition and removal while maintaining the property that the set forms a dominating set of bounded…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Alexandre Blanché , Haruka Mizuta , Paul Ouvrard , Akira Suzuki

For any simple graph $G$ on $n$ vertices, the (positive semi-definite) minimum rank of $G$ is defined to be the smallest possible rank among all (positive semi-definite) real symmetric $n\times n$ matrices whose entry in position $(i,j)$,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-12-02 Fatemeh Alinaghipour Taklimi

Twisted hypercubes are graphs that generalize the structure of the hypercube by relaxing the symmetry constraint while maintaining degree-regularity and connectivity. We study the zero forcing number of twisted hypercubes. Zero forcing is a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-06 Peter Collier , Jeannette Janssen

We introduce in a general setting a dynamic programming method for solving reconfiguration problems. Our method is based on contracted solution graphs, which are obtained from solution graphs by performing an appropriate series of edge…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-07-13 Paul Bonsma , Daniel Paulusma

We present the first results on the parameterized complexity of reconfiguration problems, where a reconfiguration version of an optimization problem $Q$ takes as input two feasible solutions $S$ and $T$ and determines if there is a sequence…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2013-08-23 Amer E. Mouawad , Naomi Nishimura , Venkatesh Raman , Narges Simjour , Akira Suzuki