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Encrypted traffic classification is the task of identifying the application or service associated with encrypted network traffic. One effective approach for this task is to use deep learning methods to encode the raw traffic bytes directly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Wei Peng , Lei Cui , Wei Cai , Zhenquan Ding , Zhiyu Hao , Xiaochun Yun

Internet of Things (IoT) defines a network of devices connected to the internet and sharing a massive amount of data between each other and a central location. These IoT devices are connected to a network therefore prone to attacks. Various…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Muhammad Basit Umair , Zeshan Iqbal , Muhammad Bilal , Tarik Adnan Almohamad , Jamel Nebhen , Raja Majid Mehmood

Motivation: Real-world data often contain measurements with both continuous and discrete values. Despite the availability of many libraries, data sets with mixed data types require intensive pre-processing steps, and it remains a challenge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Erdogan Taskesen

Heterogeneous Graph Neural Networks (HGNNs), have demonstrated excellent capabilities in processing heterogeneous information networks. Self-supervised learning on heterogeneous graphs, especially contrastive self-supervised strategy, shows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yanbei Liu , Chongxu Wang , Zhitao Xiao , Lei Geng , Yanwei Pang , Xiao Wang

As the Internet rapidly expands, the increasing complexity and diversity of network activities pose significant challenges to effective network governance and security regulation. Network traffic, which serves as a crucial data carrier of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Jiajun Zhou , Wentao Fu , Hao Song , Shanqing Yu , Qi Xuan , Xiaoniu Yang

The popularity of encryption mechanisms poses a great challenge to malicious traffic detection. The reason is traditional detection techniques cannot work without the decryption of encrypted traffic. Currently, research on encrypted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Zihao Wang , Vrizlynn L. L. Thing

Meta-graph is currently the most powerful tool for similarity search on heterogeneous information networks,where a meta-graph is a composition of meta-paths that captures the complex structural information. However, current relevance…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Lichao Sun , Lifang He , Zhipeng Huang , Bokai Cao , Congying Xia , Xiaokai Wei , Philip S. Yu

Modern networks carry increasingly diverse and encrypted traffic types that demand classification techniques beyond traditional port-based and payload-based methods. This tutorial provides a practical, end-to-end guide to building…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Adrian Pekar , Richard Plny , Karel Hynek

In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the number of malware attacks that use encrypted HTTP traffic for self-propagation or communication. Antivirus software and firewalls typically will not have access to encryption keys,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Anish Singh Shekhawat , Fabio Di Troia , Mark Stamp

Encrypted traffic classification aims to identify applications or services by analyzing network traffic data. One of the critical challenges is the continuous emergence of new applications, which generates Out-of-Distribution (OOD) traffic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Zihao Wang , Wei Peng , Junming Zhang , Jian Li , Wenxin Fang

Encryption has been commonly used in network traffic to secure transmission, but it also brings challenges for malicious traffic detection, due to the invisibility of the packet payload. Graph-based methods are emerging as promising…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Yunpeng Tan , Qingyang Li , Mingxin Yang , Yannan Hu , Lei Zhang , Xinggong Zhang

Heterogeneous graph neural networks aim to discover discriminative node embeddings and relations from multi-relational networks.One challenge of heterogeneous graph learning is the design of learnable meta-paths, which significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Zhaoliang Chen , Zhihao Wu , Luying Zhong , Claudia Plant , Shiping Wang , Wenzhong Guo

Network traffic classification is vital for network security and management. The pre-training technology has shown promise by learning general traffic representations from raw byte sequences, thereby reducing reliance on labeled data.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Chungang Lin , Weiyao Zhang , Haitong Luo , Xuying Meng , Yujun Zhang

In this paper, we introduce a novel end-to-end traffic classification method to distinguish between traffic classes including VPN traffic in three layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Classification of VPN traffic is not…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Ali Parchekani , Salar Nouri , Vahid Shah-Mansouri , Seyed Pooya Shariatpanahi

Network traffic classification, a task to classify network traffic and identify its type, is the most fundamental step to improve network services and manage modern networks. Classical machine learning and deep learning method have…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-07-09 Yao Peng , Meirong He , Yu Wang

Traffic classification has been studied for two decades and applied to a wide range of applications from QoS provisioning and billing in ISPs to security-related applications in firewalls and intrusion detection systems. Port-based, data…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-05-15 Shahbaz Rezaei , Xin Liu

Supervised machine learning techniques rely on labeled data to achieve high task performance, but this requires the labels to capture some meaningful differences in the underlying data structure. For training network intrusion detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Meghan Wilkinson , Robert H Thomson

Heterogeneity is a key aspect of complex networks, often emerging by looking at the distribution of node properties, from the milestone observations on the degree to the recent developments in mixing pattern estimation. Mixing patterns, in…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Salvatore Citraro , Letizia Milli , Rémy Cazabet , Giulio Rossetti

Encrypted traffic classification plays a critical role in network security and management. Currently, mining deep patterns from side-channel contents and plaintext fields through neural networks is a major solution. However, existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Susu Cui , Xueying Han , Dongqi Han , Zhiliang Wang , Weihang Wang , Yun Li , Bo Jiang , Baoxu Liu , Zhigang Lu

The widespread adoption of encrypted communication protocols such as HTTPS and TLS has enhanced data privacy but also rendered traditional anomaly detection techniques less effective, as they often rely on inspecting unencrypted payloads.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Kalindi Singh , Aayush Kashyap , Aswani Kumar Cherukuri