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Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is an emerging paradigm able to control the propagation environment in wireless systems. Most of the research on RIS has been dedicated to system optimization and, with the advent of beyond diagonal…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Hongyu Li , Marco Di Renzo , Bruno Clerckx

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) have recently emerged as a promising technology, which can realize transmit precoding in the wave domain. In this paper, we investigate a SIM-aided integrated sensing and communications system, in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Haoxian Niu , Jiancheng An , Anastasios Papazafeiropoulos , Lu Gan , Symeon Chatzinotas , Mérouane Debbah

The integration of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) into future wireless communication systems offers promising capabilities in dynamic environment shaping and spectrum efficiency. In this work, we present a consistent…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-26 Ivan Iudice , Giacinto Gelli , Donatella Darsena

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) have emerged as a powerful paradigm for wave-domain signal processing, enabling fine-grained control over electromagnetic (EM) propagation in next-generation wireless systems. However, conventional…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Hong Niu , Chau Yuen , Marco Di Renzo , Mérouane Debbah , H. Vincent Poor

Reconfigurable intelligent surface has recently emerged as a promising technology for shaping the wireless environment by leveraging massive low-cost reconfigurable elements. Prior works mainly focus on a single-layer metasurface that lacks…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Jiancheng An , Marco Di Renzo , Merouane Debbah , Chau Yuen

Intelligent metasurfaces may be harnessed for realizing efficient holographic multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems, at a low hardware-cost and high energy-efficiency. As part of this family, we propose a hybrid beamforming…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Qingchao Li , Mohammed El-Hajjar , Chao Xu , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen , Lajos Hanzo

The rapid growth of wireless communications has created a significant demand for high throughput, seamless connectivity, and extremely low latency. To meet these goals, a novel technology -- stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) -- has…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Hao Liu , Jiancheng An , Xing Jia , Lu Gan , George K. Karagiannidis , Bruno Clerckx , Mehdi Bennis , Mérouane Debbah , Tie Jun Cui

We present a physically consistent multiport framework for stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) with linear and explicit nonlinear terminations. The model provides closed-form input--output relations in the linear case and fixed-point…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-25 Andrea Abrardo , Alberto Toccafondi

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) facilitate computation by cascaded programmable layers so that part of the signal processing can be performed in the wave domain during signal propagation, rather than solely after reception. This…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-09 Mengbing Liu , Chau Yuen , Dusit Niyato , Bruno Clerckx , Lajos Hanzo

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces have emerged as a cutting-edge technology for next-generation wireless communications that are capable of reconfiguring the wireless environment using a large number of cost-effective reflecting elements.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-31 Ahmed M. Benaya , Ali A. Nasir , Khaled M. Rabie , Daniel B. da Costa

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) is an emerging design that consists of multiple layers of metasurfaces. A SIM enables holographic multiple-input multiple-output (HMIMO) precoding in the wave domain, which results in the reduction of…

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) modeling and optimization are a crucial steps in developing the next generation of wireless communications. To this aim, the availability of accurate electromagnetic (EM) models is of paramount…

The stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) emerges as an innovative technology with the ability to directly manipulate electromagnetic (EM) wave signals, drawing parallels to the operational principles of artificial neural networks (ANN).…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-26 Xiaolei Yang , Jiayi Zhang , Enyu Shi , Ziheng Liu , Jun Liu , Kang Zheng , Bo Ai

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) is an emerging technology that uses multiple reconfigurable surface layers to enable flexible wave-based beamforming. In this paper, we focus on an \ac{SIM}-assisted multi-user multiple-input…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-22 Nipuni Ginige , Prathapasinghe Dharmawansa , Arthur Sousa de Sena , Nurul Huda Mahmood , Nandana Rajatheva , Matti Latva-aho

In this paper, we consider a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) and model it by using multiport network theory. We first compare the representation of RIS by using $Z$-parameters and $S$-parameters, by proving their equivalence and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Andrea Abrardo , Alberto Toccafondi , Marco Di Renzo

This work develops a physically consistent model for stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) using multiport network theory and transfer scattering parameters (T-parameters). Unlike the scattering parameters (S-parameters) model, the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-11 Hamad Yahya , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx , Merouane Debbah

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) is an emerging technology that capitalizes on reconfigurable metasurfaces for several applications in wireless communications. SIM is considered an enabler for integrating communication, sensing and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Marco Di Renzo

A novel technology based on stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) has recently emerged. This platform involves cascading multiple metasurfaces, each acting as a digitally programmable physical layer within a diffractive neural network. SIM…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-06 Donatella Darsena , Francesco Verde , Ivan Iudice , Vincenzo Galdi

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) is a revolutionary technology, which can outperform its single-layer counterparts by performing advanced signal processing relying on wave propagation. In this work, we exploit SIM to enable transmit…

Leveraging the multilayer realization of programmable metasurfaces, stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) enable fine-grained wave-domain control. However, their wideband deployment is impeded by two structural factors: (i) a single,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-16 Zheao Li , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen