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Transformers have proven highly effective across various applications, especially in handling sequential data such as natural languages and time series. However, transformer models often lack clear interpretability, and the success of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Wei Shi , Yuan Cao

Language Generation Models produce words based on the previous context. Although existing methods offer input attributions as explanations for a model's prediction, it is still unclear how prior words affect the model's decision throughout…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Javier Ferrando , Gerard I. Gállego , Ioannis Tsiamas , Marta R. Costa-jussà

The Bayesian approach to machine learning amounts to computing posterior distributions of random variables from a probabilistic model of how the variables are related (that is, a prior distribution) and a set of observations of variables.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Johannes Borgström , Andrew D Gordon , Michael Greenberg , James Margetson , Jurgen Van Gael

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have displayed remarkable creative prowess and emergence capabilities. Existing empirical studies have revealed a strong connection between these LLMs' impressive emergence abilities and their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Dake Bu , Wei Huang , Andi Han , Atsushi Nitanda , Taiji Suzuki , Qingfu Zhang , Hau-San Wong

Humans can learn languages from remarkably little experience. Developing computational models that explain this ability has been a major challenge in cognitive science. Bayesian models that build in strong inductive biases - factors that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 R. Thomas McCoy , Thomas L. Griffiths

We study the phenomenon of \textit{in-context learning} (ICL) exhibited by large language models, where they can adapt to a new learning task, given a handful of labeled examples, without any explicit parameter optimization. Our goal is to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Jacob Abernethy , Alekh Agarwal , Teodor V. Marinov , Manfred K. Warmuth

In order to understand the in-context learning phenomenon, recent works have adopted a stylized experimental framework and demonstrated that Transformers can learn gradient-based learning algorithms for various classes of real-valued…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Satwik Bhattamishra , Arkil Patel , Phil Blunsom , Varun Kanade

Generative models are trained with the simple objective of imitating the conditional probability distribution induced by the data they are trained on. Therefore, when trained on data generated by humans, we may not expect the artificial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Edwin Zhang , Vincent Zhu , Naomi Saphra , Anat Kleiman , Benjamin L. Edelman , Milind Tambe , Sham M. Kakade , Eran Malach

Transformer-based models have achieved state-of-the-art results in many natural language processing tasks. The self-attention architecture allows transformer to combine information from all elements of a sequence into context-aware…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Mikhail S. Burtsev , Yuri Kuratov , Anton Peganov , Grigory V. Sapunov

Large language models are capable of in-context learning, the ability to perform new tasks at test time using a handful of input-output examples, without parameter updates. We develop a universal approximation theory to elucidate how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Gen Li , Yuchen Jiao , Yu Huang , Yuting Wei , Yuxin Chen

Mechanistic models can provide an intuitive and interpretable explanation of network growth by specifying a set of generative rules. These rules can be defined by domain knowledge about real-world mechanisms governing network growth or may…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Maxwell H Wang , Till Hoffmann , Jukka-Pekka Onnela

We show that Bayes' rule provides an effective mechanism for creating document translation models that can be learned from only parallel sentences and monolingual documents---a compelling benefit as parallel documents are not always…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Lei Yu , Laurent Sartran , Wojciech Stokowiec , Wang Ling , Lingpeng Kong , Phil Blunsom , Chris Dyer

In-context learning (ICL) in Large Language Models (LLMs) has emerged as a powerful new learning paradigm. However, its underlying mechanism is still not well understood. In particular, it is challenging to map it to the "standard" machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Roee Hendel , Mor Geva , Amir Globerson

In-context learning refers to the ability of a model to condition on a prompt sequence consisting of in-context examples (input-output pairs corresponding to some task) along with a new query input, and generate the corresponding output.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Shivam Garg , Dimitris Tsipras , Percy Liang , Gregory Valiant

Transformers have the capacity to act as supervised learning algorithms: by properly encoding a set of labeled training ("in-context") examples and an unlabeled test example into an input sequence of vectors of the same dimension, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Spencer Frei , Gal Vardi

In-context learning has been recognized as a key factor in the success of Large Language Models (LLMs). It refers to the model's ability to learn patterns on the fly from provided in-context examples in the prompt during inference. Previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Bo Chen , Xiaoyu Li , Yingyu Liang , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song

Traditionally, neural network training has been primarily viewed as an approximation of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). This interpretation originated in a time when training for multiple epochs on small datasets was common and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Samuel Müller , Noah Hollmann , Frank Hutter

Intelligent agents must be able to articulate its own uncertainty. In this work, we show that pre-trained sequence models are naturally capable of probabilistic reasoning over exchangeable data points -- forming informed beliefs and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-02 Naimeng Ye , Hongseok Namkoong

Multiscale feature hierarchies have been witnessed the success in the computer vision area. This further motivates researchers to design multiscale Transformer for natural language processing, mostly based on the self-attention mechanism.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Bei Li , Tong Zheng , Yi Jing , Chengbo Jiao , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Language models (LM) have grown with non-stop in the last decade, from sequence-to-sequence architectures to the state-of-the-art and utter attention-based Transformers. In this work, we demonstrate how the inclusion of deep generative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-25 Aurora Cobo Aguilera , Pablo Martínez Olmos , Antonio Artés-Rodríguez , Fernando Pérez-Cruz