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Large language models (LLMs) increasingly act as autonomous agents that must decide when to answer directly vs. when to invoke external tools. Prior work studying adaptive tool use has largely treated tool necessity as a model-agnostic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yize Cheng , Chenrui Fan , Mahdi JafariRaviz , Keivan Rezaei , Soheil Feizi

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) achieve strong performance on benchmarks that evaluate text, image, or video understanding separately. However, these settings do not assess a critical real-world requirement, which involves…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Dannong Xu , Zhongyu Yang , Jun Chen , Yingfang Yuan , Ming Hu , Lei Sun , Luc Van Gool , Danda Pani Paudel , Chun-Mei Feng

The progress of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT raises the question of how they can be integrated into education. One hope is that they can support mathematics learning, including word-problem solving. Since LLMs can handle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Anselm R. Strohmaier , Wim Van Dooren , Kathrin Seßler , Brian Greer , Lieven Verschaffel

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance on a range of educational tasks, but are still understudied for their potential to solve mathematical problems. In this study, we compare three prominent LLMs, including GPT-4o,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Ruonan Wang , Runxi Wang , Yunwen Shen , Chengfeng Wu , Qinglin Zhou , Rohitash Chandra

Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT (i.e., gpt-3.5-turbo and gpt-4) exhibited remarkable advancement in a range of software engineering tasks associated with source code such as code review and code generation. In this paper, we…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Michael Fu , Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn , Van Nguyen , Trung Le

Qualitative analysis is typically limited to small datasets because it is time-intensive. Moreover, a second human rater is required to ensure reliable findings. Artificial intelligence tools may replace human raters if we demonstrate high…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-09-03 Nikhil Sanjay Borse , Ravishankar Chatta Subramaniam , N. Sanjay Rebello

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into Development Environments (IDEs) has become a focal point in modern software development. LLMs such as OpenAI GPT-3.5/4 and Code Llama offer the potential to significantly augment…

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in visual understanding, yet they remain limited in complex, multi-step reasoning that requires deep searching and integrating visual evidence with external…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Xiangyu Peng , Can Qin , An Yan , Xinyi Yang , Zeyuan Chen , Ran Xu , Chien-Sheng Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities as intelligent agents capable of solving complex problems. However, effective planning in scenarios involving dependencies between API or tool calls-particularly in…

Solving problems through tool use under explicit constraints constitutes a highly challenging yet unavoidable scenario for large language models (LLMs), requiring capabilities such as function calling, instruction following, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Junjie Ye , Guoqiang Zhang , Wenjie Fu , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

Tool use, planning, and feedback learning are currently three prominent paradigms for developing Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents across various tasks. Although numerous frameworks have been devised for each paradigm, their intricate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Xinzhe Li

Multi-hop Machine reading comprehension is a challenging task with aim of answering a question based on disjoint pieces of information across the different passages. The evaluation metrics and datasets are a vital part of multi-hop MRC…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Azade Mohammadi , Reza Ramezani , Ahmad Baraani

This paper proposes a pipeline for quantitatively evaluating interactive Large Language Models (LLMs) using publicly available datasets. We carry out an extensive technical evaluation of LLMs using Big-Vul covering four different common…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Xin Yin , Chao Ni , Shaohua Wang

The recent popularity of large language models (LLMs) has brought a significant impact to boundless fields, particularly through their open-ended ecosystem such as the APIs, open-sourced models, and plugins. However, with their widespread…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Wentao Ye , Mingfeng Ou , Tianyi Li , Yipeng chen , Xuetao Ma , Yifan Yanggong , Sai Wu , Jie Fu , Gang Chen , Haobo Wang , Junbo Zhao

The recent rise in the popularity of large language models has spurred the development of extensive code datasets needed to train them. This has left limited code available for collection and use in the downstream investigation of specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Jonathan Katzy , Razvan Mihai Popescu , Arie van Deursen , Maliheh Izadi

Despite Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4 achieving impressive results in function-level code generation, they struggle with repository-scale code understanding (e.g., coming up with the right arguments for calling routines),…

In the digital age, the prevalence of misleading news headlines poses a significant challenge to information integrity, necessitating robust detection mechanisms. This study explores the efficacy of Large Language Models (LLMs) in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Md Main Uddin Rony , Md Mahfuzul Haque , Mohammad Ali , Ahmed Shatil Alam , Naeemul Hassan

Large Language Models (LLMs) ) have demonstrated promise in boosting productivity across AI-powered tools, yet existing benchmarks like Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) inadequately assess enterprise-specific task…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Liya Wang , David Yi , Damien Jose , John Passarelli , James Gao , Jordan Leventis , Kang Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly serving as autonomous agents, and their utilization of external tools via the Model Context Protocol (MCP) is considered a future trend. Current MCP evaluation sets suffer from issues such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Wenrui Liu , Zixiang Liu , Elsie Dai , Wenhan Yu , Lei Yu , Tong Yang , Jinjun Han , Hong Gao

The proliferation of complex structured data in hybrid sources, such as PDF documents and web pages, presents unique challenges for current Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) in providing accurate…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Shivani Upadhyay , Messiah Ataey , Syed Shariyar Murtaza , Yifan Nie , Jimmy Lin