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Related papers: A Survey of Test-Time Compute: From Intuitive Infe…

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Test-time scaling has emerged as a promising paradigm in language modeling, wherein additional computational resources are allocated during inference to enhance model performance. Recent approaches, such as DeepConf, have demonstrated the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Hongwei Chen , Yishu Lei , Dan Zhang , Bo Ke , Danxiang Zhu , Xuyi Chen , Yuxiang Lu , Zhengjie Huang , Shikun Feng , Jingzhou He , Yu Sun , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

Using more test-time computation during language model inference, such as generating more intermediate thoughts or sampling multiple candidate answers, has proven effective in significantly improving model performance. This paper takes an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Xingwu Chen , Miao Lu , Beining Wu , Difan Zou

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) improves the reasoning performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) by allocating additional compute during inference. We conduct a structured survey of TTS methods and categorize them into sampling-based,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Ho-Lam Chung , Teng-Yun Hsiao , Hsiao-Ying Huang , Chunerh Cho , Jian-Ren Lin , Zhang Ziwei , Yun-Nung Chen

Chain-of-thought and more broadly test-time compute are known to augment the expressive capabilities of language models and have led to major innovations in reasoning. Motivated by this success, this paper explores latent chain-of-thought…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Carson Dudley , Samet Oymak

Scaling test-time compute has emerged as a key ingredient for enabling large language models (LLMs) to solve difficult problems, but comes with high latency and inference cost. We introduce sleep-time compute, which allows models to "think"…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Kevin Lin , Charlie Snell , Yu Wang , Charles Packer , Sarah Wooders , Ion Stoica , Joseph E. Gonzalez

Test-time scaling has significantly improved how AI models solve problems, yet current methods often get stuck in repetitive, incorrect patterns of thought. We introduce HEART, a framework that uses emotional cues to guide the model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Gabriela Pinto , Palash Goyal , Mihir Parmar , Yiwen Song , Souradip Chakraborty , Zifeng Wang , Jinsung Yoon , Tomas Pfister , Hamid Palangi

Large language models have achieved remarkable capabilities across domains, yet mechanisms underlying sophisticated reasoning remain elusive. Recent reasoning models outperform comparable instruction-tuned models on complex cognitive tasks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Junsol Kim , Shiyang Lai , Nino Scherrer , Blaise Agüera y Arcas , James Evans

Test-time compute scaling has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing mathematical reasoning in large language models (LLMs) by allocating additional computational resources during inference. However, current methods employ uniform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yang Xiao , Chunpu Xu , Ruifeng Yuan , Jiashuo Wang , Wenjie Li , Pengfei Liu

Reward models play a critical role in guiding large language models toward outputs that align with human expectations. However, an open challenge remains in effectively utilizing test-time compute to enhance reward model performance. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jiaxin Guo , Zewen Chi , Li Dong , Qingxiu Dong , Xun Wu , Shaohan Huang , Furu Wei

Language Models (LMs) exhibit two distinct mechanisms for knowledge acquisition: in-weights learning (i.e., encoding information within the model weights) and in-context learning (ICL). Although these two modes offer complementary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Arslan Chaudhry , Sridhar Thiagarajan , Andrew Lampinen

Large Reasoning Models(LRMs) such as OpenAI o1 and DeepSeek-R1 have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities by scaling test-time compute and generating long Chain-of-Thought(CoT). Distillation--post-training on LRMs-generated data--is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Huifeng Yin , Yu Zhao , Minghao Wu , Xuanfan Ni , Bo Zeng , Hao Wang , Tianqi Shi , Liangying Shao , Chenyang Lyu , Longyue Wang , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang

Building upon our previous investigations of O1 replication (Part 1: Journey Learning [Qin et al., 2024] and Part 2: Distillation [Huang et al., 2024]), this work explores the potential of inference-time scaling in large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Zhongzhen Huang , Gui Geng , Shengyi Hua , Zhen Huang , Haoyang Zou , Shaoting Zhang , Pengfei Liu , Xiaofan Zhang

Enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to handle a wider range of complex tasks (e.g., coding, math) has drawn great attention from many researchers. As LLMs continue to evolve, merely increasing the number of model parameters yields…

Self-critic has become a crucial mechanism for enhancing the reasoning performance of LLMs. However, current approaches mainly involve basic prompts for intuitive instance-level feedback, which resembles System-1 processes and limits the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Xin Zheng , Jie Lou , Boxi Cao , Xueru Wen , Yuqiu Ji , Hongyu Lin , Yaojie Lu , Xianpei Han , Debing Zhang , Le Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for generating coherent text, understanding context, and performing reasoning tasks. However, they struggle with temporal reasoning, which requires processing time-related…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Adrián Bazaga , Rexhina Blloshmi , Bill Byrne , Adrià de Gispert

Large language models (LLMs) can improve reasoning at inference time through test-time scaling (TTS), where multiple reasoning traces are generated and the best one is selected. Prior work shows that increasing the number of samples K…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Yuheng Wu , Azalia Mirhoseini , Thierry Tambe

With software systems becoming increasingly pervasive and autonomous, our ability to test for their quality is severely challenged. Many systems are called to operate in uncertain and highly-changing environment, not rarely required to make…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Luca Giamattei , Roberto Pietrantuono , Stefano Russo

Recent test-time reasoning methods improve performance by generating more candidate chains or searching over larger reasoning trees, but they typically lack explicit control over when to expand, what to prune, how to repair, and when to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Siyuan Ma , Bo Gao , Zikai Xiao , Hailong Wang , Xinlei Yu , Rui Qian , Jiayu Qian , Luqi Gong , Yang Liu

The advent of test-time scaling in large language models (LLMs), exemplified by OpenAI's o1 series, has advanced reasoning capabilities by scaling computational resource allocation during inference. While successors like QwQ, Deepseek-R1…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Zhiyuan Zeng , Qinyuan Cheng , Zhangyue Yin , Yunhua Zhou , Xipeng Qiu

There have been increasing challenges to dual-system descriptions of System-1 and System-2, critiquing them as imprecise and fostering misconceptions. We address these issues here by way of Dennett's appeal to use computational thinking as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Brendan Conway-Smith , Robert L. West
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