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Hyperproperties extend trace properties to express properties of sets of traces, and they are increasingly popular in specifying various security and performance-related properties in domains such as cyber-physical systems, smart grids, and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-08-11 Ernest Bonnah , Luan Viet Nguyen , Khaza Anuarul Hoque

Computation Tree Logic (CTL) and its extensions CTL* and CTL+ are widely used in automated verification as a basis for common model checking tools. But while they can express many properties of interest like reachability, even simple…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-10-28 Jens Oliver Gutsfeld , Markus Müller-Olm , Christian Dielitz

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is widely used to specify timed and safety-critical tasks for cyber-physical systems, but writing STL formulas directly is difficult for non-expert users. Natural language (NL) provides a convenient interface,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Kosei Fushimi , Kazunobu Serizawa , Junya Ikemoto , Kazumune Hashimoto

We define extensions of CTL and TCTL with strategic operators, called Strategic CTL (SCTL) and Strategic TCTL (STCTL), respectively. For each of the above logics we give a synchronous and asynchronous semantics, i.e., STCTL is interpreted…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Jaime Arias , Wojciech Jamroga , Wojciech Penczek , Laure Petrucci , Teofil Sidoruk

Probabilistic Computation Tree Logic (PCTL) and Continuous Stochastic Logic (CSL) are often used to describe specifications of probabilistic properties for discrete time and continuous time, respectively. In PCTL and CSL, the possibility of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-11-15 Takashi Tomita , Shigeki Hagihara , Naoki Yonezaki

The problem of checking a logged event trace against a temporal logic specification arises in many practical cases. Unfortunately, known algorithms for an expressive logic like MTL (Metric Temporal Logic) do not scale with respect to two…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-08-27 Marcello M. Bersani , Domenico Bianculli , Carlo Ghezzi , Srdan Krstic , Pierluigi San Pietro

Signal Temporal Logic (STL), has recently seen extensive development, owing to its rich expressivenes for autonomous planning and control. Nevertheless, existing verification and control synthesis methods are limited with respect to the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Panagiotis Rousseas , Dimos V. Dimarogonas

We propose a signal temporal logic (STL)-based framework that rigorously verifies the feasibility of a mission described in STL and synthesizes control to safely execute it. The proposed framework ensures safe and reliable operation through…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-27 Joonwon Choi , Kartik Anand Pant , Youngim Nam , Henry Hellmann , Karthik Nune , Inseok Hwang

This paper introduces time window temporal logic (TWTL), a rich expressivity language for describing various time bounded specifications. In particular, the syntax and semantics of TWTL enable the compact representation of serial tasks,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-16 Cristian-Ioan Vasile , Derya Aksaray , Calin Belta

The integration of cyber-physical systems (CPS) into everyday life raises the critical necessity of ensuring their safety and reliability. An important step in this direction is requirement mining, i.e. inferring formally specified system…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Gaia Saveri , Luca Bortolussi

Much of the recent work developing formal methods techniques to specify or learn the behavior of autonomous systems is predicated on a belief that formal specifications are interpretable and useful for humans when checking systems. Though…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Ho Chit Siu , Kevin Leahy , Makai Mann

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a widely recognized formal specification language to express rigorous temporal requirements on mixed analog signals produced by cyber-physical systems (CPS). A relevant problem in CPS design is how to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Beatrice Melani , Ezio Bartocci , Michele Chiari

In this work, we focus on decomposing large multi-agent path planning problems with global temporal logic goals (common to all agents) into smaller sub-problems that can be solved and executed independently. Crucially, the sub-problems'…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Kevin Leahy , Austin Jones , Cristian-Ioan Vasile

In this paper, we investigate the problem of Model Predictive Control (MPC) of dynamic systems for high-level specifications described by Signal Temporal Logic (STL) formulae. Recent works show that MPC has the great potential in handling…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-16 Xinyi Yu , Chuwei Wang , Dingran Yuan , Shaoyuan Li , Xiang Yin

From biological systems to cyber-physical systems, monitoring the behavior of such dynamical systems often requires to reason about complex spatio-temporal properties of physical and/or computational entities that are dynamically…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Ennio Visconti , Ezio Bartocci , Michele Loreti , Laura Nenzi

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a formal language for specifying real-time behaviors of cyber-physical systems (CPS). Automatically transforming natural language requirements into STL specifications has received growing attention. Recent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Yue Fang , Zhi Jin , Jie An , Hongshen Chen , Xiaohong Chen , Naijun Zhan

CTL is the dominant temporal specification language in practice mainly due to the fact that it admits model checking in linear time. Logic programming and the database query language Datalog are often used as an implementation platform for…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-08-31 Foto Afrati , Theodore Andronikos , Vassia Pavlaki , Eugenie Foustoucos , Irene Guessarian

Propositional Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) is a popular formalism for specifying desirable requirements and security and privacy policies for software, networks, and systems. Yet expressing such requirements and policies in LTL remains…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Priscilla Kyei Danso , Mohammad Saqib Hasan , Niranjan Balasubramanian , Omar Chowdhury

Signal temporal logic (STL) was introduced for monitoring temporal properties of continuous-time signals for continuous and hybrid systems. Differential dynamic logic (dL) was introduced to reason about the end states of a hybrid program.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Hammad Ahmad , Jean-Baptiste Jeannin

Temporal logic is a very powerful formalism deeply investigated and used in formal system design and verification. Its application usually reduces to solving specific decision problems such as model checking and satisfiability. In these…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-09-15 Gaëlle Fontaine , Fabio Mogavero , Aniello Murano , Giuseppe Perelli , Loredana Sorrentino