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Systems for language understanding have become remarkably strong at overcoming linguistic imperfections in tasks involving phrase matching or simple reasoning. Yet, their accuracy drops dramatically as the number of reasoning steps…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Daniel Khashabi , Erfan Sadeqi Azer , Tushar Khot , Ashish Sabharwal , Dan Roth

We present an algebraic framework for interacting extended quantum systems to study complex phenomena characterized by the coexistence and competition of different states of matter. We start by showing how to connect different…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2015-06-24 C. D. Batista , G. Ortiz

The data and compute requirements of current language modeling technology pose challenges for the processing and analysis of low-resource languages. Declarative linguistic knowledge has the potential to partially bridge this data scarcity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Bhargav Shandilya , Alexis Palmer

Temporal networks of face-to-face interactions between individuals are useful proxies of the dynamics of social systems on fast time scales. Several empirical statistical properties of these networks have been shown to be robust across a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-02-03 Didier Le Bail , Mathieu Génois , Alain Barrat

With the rise of large language models, the paradigm of training foundation models with massive parameter counts on vast datasets has been adopted in multiple domains to achieve remarkable success. Time series foundation models represent a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Yi Xie , Yun Xiong , Zejian Shi , Hao Niu , Zhengfu Liu

We investigate solutions to the TAP equation, a phenomenological implementation of the Theory of the Adjacent Possible. Several implementations of TAP are studied, with potential applications in a range of topics including economics, social…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-10-08 Marina Cortês , Stuart A. Kauffman , Andrew R. Liddle , Lee Smolin

A major driver of AI products today is the fact that new skills emerge in language models when their parameter set and training corpora are scaled up. This phenomenon is poorly understood, and a mechanistic explanation via mathematical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Sanjeev Arora , Anirudh Goyal

Recent advancements in Large Speech-Language Models have significantly bridged the gap between acoustic signals and linguistic understanding. However, a persistent performance disparity remains in speech-based input tasks compared to direct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ming-Hao Hsu , Xueyao Zhang , Xiaohai Tian , Jun Zhang , Zhizheng Wu

Emergence, a global property of complex adaptive systems (CASs) constituted by interactive agents, is prevalent in real-world dynamic systems, e.g., network-level traffic congestions. Detecting its formation and evaporation helps to monitor…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Siyuan Chen , Xin Du , Jiahai Wang

Emergent language research has made significant progress in recent years, but still largely fails to explore how communication emerges in more complex and situated multi-agent systems. Existing setups often employ a reference game, which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Cornelius Wolff , Julius Mayer , Elia Bruni , Xenia Ohmer

Large language models(LLMS)have shown excellent text generation capabilities, capable of generating fluent human-like responses for many downstream tasks. However, applying large language models to real-world critical tasks remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Le Xiao , Xin Shan

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) enriches the ability of language models to reason using external context to augment responses for a given user prompt. This approach has risen in popularity due to practical applications in various…

Large language models augmented with task-relevant documents have demonstrated impressive performance on knowledge-intensive tasks. However, regarding how to obtain effective documents, the existing methods are mainly divided into two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Zhangyin Feng , Xiaocheng Feng , Dezhi Zhao , Maojin Yang , Bing Qin

Developmental psychologists have argued about when cognitive capacities such as language understanding or theory of mind emerge. These debates often hinge on the concept of "task demands" -- the auxiliary challenges associated with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Jennifer Hu , Michael C. Frank

Trap models have been initially proposed as toy models for dynamical relaxation in extremely simplified rough potential energy landscapes. Their importance has considerably grown recently thanks to the discovery that the trap like aging…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2018-04-18 Chiara Cammarota , Enzo Marinari

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit emergent behaviors suggestive of human-like reasoning. While recent work has identified structured conceptual representations within these models, it remains unclear whether they functionally rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ningyu Xu , Qi Zhang , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang

The challenge of engineering autonomous agents capable of navigating the stochastic and adversarial nature of the physical world has historically resided at the intersection of symbolic logic and control theory. Traditional multi-agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Manuel Hernández , Eduardo Sánchez-Soto

Knowledge is a network of interconnected concepts. Yet, precisely how the topological structure of knowledge constrains its acquisition remains unknown, hampering the development of learning enhancement strategies. Here we study the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Nicolas H. Christianson , Ann Sizemore Blevins , Danielle S. Bassett

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable in-context reasoning capabilities across a wide range of tasks, particularly with unstructured inputs such as language or images. However, LLMs struggle to handle structured data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Jintang Li , Ruofan Wu , Yuchang Zhu , Huizhe Zhang , Liang Chen , Zibin Zheng

Large language models (LLMs) process and predict sequences containing text to answer questions, and address tasks including document summarization, providing recommendations, writing software and solving quantitative problems. We provide a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-02 Ricardo Baptista , Andrew Stuart , Son Tran