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Diverse physical systems are characterized by their response to small perturbations. Near thermodynamic equilibrium, the fluctuation-dissipation theorem provides a powerful theoretical and experimental tool to determine the nature of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-03-25 Jeremy A. Owen , Todd R. Gingrich , Jordan M. Horowitz

We establish a unified fluctuation-response relation for Langevin dynamics. By exploiting the common mathematical structures underlying fluctuations and responses of empirical density and current, we derive a unified identity that…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-01-26 Hyun-Myung Chun , Euijoon Kwon , Hyunggyu Park , Jae Sung Lee

We develop a unified fluctuation-response theory in the frequency domain for nonequilibrium steady states governed by overdamped Langevin dynamics and Markov jump processes. The relation expresses the power spectrum of general observables…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-07 Euijoon Kwon , Hyun-Myung Chun , Hyunggyu Park , Jae Sung Lee

In this Article we review some recent progresses in the field of non-equilibrium linear response theory. We show how a generalization of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem can be derived for Markov processes, and discuss the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-07-06 Federico Corberi , Eugenio Lippiello , Marco Zannetti

The fluctuation-dissipation (F-D) theorem is a fundamental result for systems near thermodynamic equilibrium, and justifies studies between microscopic and macroscopic properties. It states that the nonequilibrium relaxation dynamics is…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-03-13 Jianhua Xing

Predicting how systems respond to external perturbations far from equilibrium remains a fundamental challenge across physics, chemistry, and biology. We present a unified response framework for stochastic Markov dynamics that integrates…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-13 Jiming Zheng , Zhiyue Lu

Systems that evolve towards a state from which they cannot depart are common in nature. But the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, a fundamental result in statistical mechanics, is mainly restricted to systems near-stationarity. In processes…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-10-25 Prajwal Padmanabha , Sandro Azaele , Amos Maritan

The linear response of non-equilibrium systems with Markovian dynamics satisfies a generalized fluctuation-dissipation relation derived from time symmetry and antisymmetry properties of the fluctuations. The relation involves the sum of two…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2011-01-07 Juan Ruben Gomez-Solano , Artyom Petrosyan , Sergio Ciliberto , Christian Maes

The fluctuation-dissipation-theorem connects equilibrium to mildly (linearly) perturbed situations in a thermodynamic manner: It involves the observable of interest and the entropy production caused by the perturbation. We derive a relation…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-03-24 Tristan Holsten , Matthias Krüger

We consider the Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem (FDT) of statistical physics from a mathematical perspective. We formalize the concept of "linear response function" in the general framework of Markov processes. We show that for processes…

Probability · Mathematics 2010-02-17 Amir Dembo , Jean-Dominique Deuschel

Fluctuation-dissipation relations elucidate the response of near-equilibrium systems to environmental changes, with recent advances extending response theory to non-equilibrium steady states. However, a general response theory for systems…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-06 Jiming Zheng , Zhiyue Lu

A Response Function Theory and Scattering Theory applicable to the study of physical properties of systems driven arbitrarily away from equilibrium, specialized for dealing with ultrafast processes and in conditions of space resolution…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-10-31 Clóves G. Rodrigues , Áurea R. Vasconcellos , José Galvão Ramos , Roberto Luzzi

For systems close to equilibrium, the relaxation properties of measurable physical quantities are described by the linear response theory and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT). Accordingly, the response or the generalized…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-07-11 Bartlomiej Dybiec , Juan M. R. Parrondo , Ewa Gudowska-Nowak

Near equilibrium, small current fluctuations are described by a Gaussian with a linear-response variance regulated by the dissipation. Here, we demonstrate that dissipation still plays a dominant role in structuring large fluctuations…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-03-30 Todd R. Gingrich , Jordan M. Horowitz , Nikolay Perunov , Jeremy England

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) is a central result in statistical physics, both for classical and quantum systems. It establishes a relationship between the linear response of a system under a time-dependent perturbation and time…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-28 Mohammad Mehboudi , Anna Sanpera , Juan M. R. Parrondo

The response of thermodynamic systems perturbed out of an equilibrium steady-state is described by the reciprocal and the fluctuation-dissipation relations. The so-called fluctuation theorems extended the study of fluctuations far beyond…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-02-21 Matteo Polettini , Massimiliano Esposito

We derive various exact results for Markovian systems that spontaneously relax to a non-equilibrium steady-state by using joint probability distributions symmetries of different entropy production decompositions. The analytical approach is…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-02-10 Reinaldo García-García , Vivien Lecomte , A. B. Kolton , D. Domínguez

We present a physically inspired generalization of equilibrium response formulae, the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, to Markov jump processes possibly describing interacting particle systems out-of-equilibrium. Here, the time-dependent…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-05-05 Christian Maes , Bram Wynants

Fluctuation dissipation theorems connect the linear response of a physical system to a perturbation to the steady-state correlation functions. Until now, most of these theorems have been derived for finite-dimensional systems. However, many…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-08-22 Mohammad Mehboudi , Juan. M. R. Parrondo , Antonio Acin

Fluctuations associated with relaxations in far-from-equilibrium regime is of fundamental interest for a large variety of systems within broad scales. Recent advances in techniques such as spectroscopy have generated the possibility for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-08 Zhedong Zhang , Xuanhua Wang , Jin Wang
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