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As machine learning-enabled Text-to-Image (TTI) systems are becoming increasingly prevalent and seeing growing adoption as commercial services, characterizing the social biases they exhibit is a necessary first step to lowering their risk…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Alexandra Sasha Luccioni , Christopher Akiki , Margaret Mitchell , Yacine Jernite

Text-to-image (T2I) models have advanced creative content generation, yet their reliance on large uncurated datasets often reproduces societal biases. We present FairT2I, a training-free and interactive framework grounded in a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Jinya Sakurai , Yuki Koyama , Issei Sato

Generative image models produce striking visuals yet often misrepresent culture. Prior work has examined cultural bias mainly in text-to-image (T2I) systems, leaving image-to-image (I2I) editors underexplored. We bridge this gap with a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Huichan Seo , Sieun Choi , Minki Hong , Yi Zhou , Junseo Kim , Lukman Ismaila , Naome Etori , Mehul Agarwal , Zhixuan Liu , Jihie Kim , Jean Oh

Recent progress in Text-to-Image (T2I) generative models has enabled high-quality image generation. As performance and accessibility increase, these models are gaining significant attraction and popularity: ensuring their fairness and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Moreno D'Incà , Elia Peruzzo , Massimiliano Mancini , Xingqian Xu , Humphrey Shi , Nicu Sebe

One challenge in text-to-image (T2I) generation is the inadvertent reflection of culture gaps present in the training data, which signifies the disparity in generated image quality when the cultural elements of the input text are rarely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Bingshuai Liu , Longyue Wang , Chenyang Lyu , Yong Zhang , Jinsong Su , Shuming Shi , Zhaopeng Tu

Text-to-image generation (T2I) refers to the text-guided generation of high-quality images. In the past few years, T2I has attracted widespread attention and numerous works have emerged. In this survey, we comprehensively review 141 works…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Pengfei Yang , Ngai-Man Cheung , Xinda Ma

Recent large-scale T2I models like DALLE-3 have made progress in reducing gender stereotypes when generating single-person images. However, significant biases remain when generating images with more than one person. To systematically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Yixin Wan , Kai-Wei Chang

Text-to-image (T2I) models have rapidly advanced, enabling the generation of high-quality images from text prompts across various domains. However, these models present notable safety concerns, including the risk of generating harmful,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Lijun Li , Zhelun Shi , Xuhao Hu , Bowen Dong , Yiran Qin , Xihui Liu , Lu Sheng , Jing Shao

Despite advances in generation quality, current text-to-image (T2I) models often lack diversity, generating homogeneous outputs. This work introduces a framework to address the need for robust diversity evaluation in T2I models. Our…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Isabela Albuquerque , Ira Ktena , Olivia Wiles , Ivana Kajić , Amal Rannen-Triki , Cristina Vasconcelos , Aida Nematzadeh

Spatial understanding is a fundamental aspect of computer vision and integral for human-level reasoning about images, making it an important component for grounded language understanding. While recent text-to-image synthesis (T2I) models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Tejas Gokhale , Hamid Palangi , Besmira Nushi , Vibhav Vineet , Eric Horvitz , Ece Kamar , Chitta Baral , Yezhou Yang

Text-To-Image (TTI) Diffusion Models such as DALL-E and Stable Diffusion are capable of generating images from text prompts. However, they have been shown to perpetuate gender stereotypes. These models process data internally in multiple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Abhishek Mandal , Susan Leavy , Suzanne Little

Text-to-Image (T2I) models generate high-quality images but are vulnerable to malicious backdoor attacks that inject harmful biases (e.g., trigger-activated gender or racial stereotypes). Existing debiasing methods, often designed for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Hongyi Cai , Mohammad Mahdinur Rahman , Mingkang Dong , Muxin Pu , Moqyad Alqaily , Jie Li , Xinfeng Li , Jialie Shen , Meikang Qiu , Qingsong Wen

As text-to-image systems continue to grow in popularity with the general public, questions have arisen about bias and diversity in the generated images. Here, we investigate properties of images generated in response to prompts which are…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Kathleen C. Fraser , Svetlana Kiritchenko , Isar Nejadgholi

The rapid development of text-to-image generation has brought rising ethical considerations, especially regarding gender bias. Given a text prompt as input, text-to-image models generate images according to the prompt. Pioneering models…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Yankun Wu , Yuta Nakashima , Noa Garcia

Concept-based Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) interprets deep learning models using human-understandable visual features (e.g., textures or object parts) by linking internal representations to class predictions, thereby bridging…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Giacomo Astolfi , Matteo Bianchi , Riccardo Campi , Antonio De Santis , Marco Brambilla

Text-to-image generators (T2Is) are liable to produce images that perpetuate social stereotypes, especially in regards to race or skin tone. We use a comprehensive set of 93 stigmatized identities to determine that three versions of Stable…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Kyra Wilson , Sourojit Ghosh , Aylin Caliskan

The progress in the generation of synthetic images has made it crucial to assess their quality. While several metrics have been proposed to assess the rendering of images, it is crucial for Text-to-Image (T2I) models, which generate images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Paul Grimal , Hervé Le Borgne , Olivier Ferret , Julien Tourille

While prior research on text-to-image generation has predominantly focused on biases in human depictions, we investigate a more subtle yet pervasive phenomenon: demographic bias in generated objects (e.g., cars). We introduce SODA…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Dasol Choi , Jihwan Lee , Minjae Lee , Minsuk Kahng

Text-to-Image (TTI) models are powerful creative tools but risk amplifying harmful social biases. We frame representational societal bias assessment as an image curation and evaluation task and introduce a pilot benchmark of occupational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Shaina Raza , Maximus Powers , Partha Pratim Saha , Mahveen Raza , Rizwan Qureshi

Text-to-image (T2I) models are rapidly gaining popularity, yet their outputs often lack geographical diversity, reinforce stereotypes, and misrepresent regions. Given their broad reach, it is critical to rigorously evaluate how these models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Abhipsa Basu , Mohana Singh , Shashank Agnihotri , Margret Keuper , R. Venkatesh Babu