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Black hole evaporation is one of the most striking phenomena at the interface between gravity and quantum physics. In Hawking's semi-classical treatment, where matter is quantum mechanical and the spacetime is definite and classical,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-24 Ali Akil , Lorenzo Giannelli , Leonardo Modesto , Oscar Dahlsten , Giulio Chiribella , Caslav Brukner

If the evaporation of a black hole formed from a pure state is unitary, the entanglement entropy of the Hawking radiation should follow the Page curve, increasing from zero until near the halfway point of the evaporation, and then…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-03-31 Hong Liu , Shreya Vardhan

Hawking's model of black hole evaporation is not unitary and leads to a mixed density matrix for the emitted radiation, while the Page model describes a unitary evaporation process in which the density matrix evolves from an almost thermal…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-09-02 Lasma Alberte , Ram Brustein , Andrei Khmelnitsky , A. J. M. Medved

The entanglement entropy of a black hole, and that of its Hawking radiation, are expected to follow the so-called Page curve: After an increase in line with Hawking's calculation, it is expected to decrease back to zero once the black hole…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-18 Jonas Glatthard

A reformulation of the calculation of the semi-classical energy-momentum tensor on a Schwarzschild background, the Bousso covariant entropy bound, and the ER=EPR conjecture of Maldacena and Susskind taken together suggest a scenario for the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-06-17 James M. Bardeen

In this work, we describe optically inspired models for unitary black hole (BH) evaporation. The goal of these models are (i) to be operationally simple, (ii) approximately preserve the thermal nature of the emitted Hawking Radiation (HR),…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-16 Paul M. Alsing

Several recent papers have shown a close relationship between entanglement wedge reconstruction and the unitarity of black hole evaporation in AdS/CFT. The analysis of these papers however has a rather puzzling feature: all calculations are…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-08-26 Chris Akers , Netta Engelhardt , Daniel Harlow

We explore the Hawking evaporation of two-dimensional anti-de Sitter (AdS$_2$), dilatonic black hole coupled with conformal matter, and derive the Page curve for the entanglement entropy of radiation. We first work in a semiclassical…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-02-01 Mariano Cadoni , Andrea Pierfrancesco Sanna

We present an analytical formulation of the recent one-shot decoupling model of Br\`adler and Adami [arXiv:1505.0284] and compute the resulting "Page Information" curves, for the reduced density matrices for the evaporating black hole…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-24 Paul M. Alsing , Michael L. Fanto

We investigate an entangled system, which is analogous to a composite system of a black hole and Hawking radiation. If Hawking radiation is well approximated by an outgoing particle generated from pair creation around the black hole, such a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-11-27 Junha Hwang , Hyosub Park , Dong-han Yeom , Heeseung Zoe

Black hole thermodynamics suggests that, in order to describe the physics of distant observers, one may model a black hole as a standard quantum system with density of states set by the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy $S_\mathrm{BH}$. This idea…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-01-26 Donald Marolf , Henry Maxfield

A new simple qubit model of black hole evaporation is proposed. The model operates on four qubits and is defined in terms of quantum gates and a quantum circuit. The chief features of the model include explicit unitarity and (most notably)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-26 Bogusław Broda

The formation and semi-classical evaporation of two-dimensional black holes is studied in an exactly solvable model. Above a certain threshold energy flux, collapsing matter forms a singularity inside an apparent horizon. As the black hole…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-07 J. Russo , L. Susskind , L. Thorlacius

We compute the black hole entropy and the entanglement entropy of Hawking radiations due to photons during the evaporation of a 4d asymptotically flat Kerr black hole. The Page curve for the Kerr black hole is obtained in the original way…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-10-02 Jun Nian

In this paper we extend the investigation of Adami and Ver Steeg [Class. Quantum Grav. \textbf{31}, 075015 (2014)] to treat the process of black hole particle emission effectively as the analogous quantum optical process of parametric down…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-22 Paul M. Alsing

When a black hole evaporates, there arises a net energy flow from the black hole into its outside environment due to the Hawking radiation and the energy accretion onto black hole. Exactly speaking, due to the net energy flow, the black…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-12 Hiromi Saida

The mechanisms which give rise to Hawking radiation are revealed by analyzing in detail pair production in the presence of horizons. In preparation for the black hole problem, three preparatory problems are dwelt with at length: pair…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Robert Brout , Serge Massar , Renaud Parentani , Philippe Spindel

We construct a self-consistent model which describes a black hole from formation to evaporation including the back reaction from the Hawking radiation. In the case where a null shell collapses, at the beginning the evaporation occurs, but…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-15 Hikaru Kawai , Yoshinori Matsuo , Yuki Yokokura

We present a controllable quantum spin-chain model that reproduces the Page curve (the rise-and-fall of bipartite entanglement expected in black-hole evaporation), using only local interactions and a kinematic reduction of the subsystem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Samuel J. W. Jones , M. Basil Altaie , Benjamin T. H. Varcoe

In this work, we develop an algebraic description of the Page transition, a key feature in black hole evaporation where the entropy of Hawking radiation follows a unitary Page curve instead of monotonically increasing. By applying concepts…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-01-19 Haocheng Zhong
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