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Recently, the evaluation of Large Language Models has emerged as a popular area of research. The three crucial questions for LLM evaluation are ``what, where, and how to evaluate''. However, the existing research mainly focuses on the first…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Yue Zhang , Ming Zhang , Haipeng Yuan , Shichun Liu , Yongyao Shi , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

Serendipity plays a pivotal role in enhancing user satisfaction within recommender systems, yet its evaluation poses significant challenges due to its inherently subjective nature and conceptual ambiguity. Current algorithmic approaches…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Li Kang , Yuhan Zhao , Li Chen

This paper presents a benchmark self-evolving framework to dynamically evaluate rapidly advancing Large Language Models (LLMs), aiming for a more accurate assessment of their capabilities and limitations. We utilize a multi-agent system to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Siyuan Wang , Zhuohan Long , Zhihao Fan , Zhongyu Wei , Xuanjing Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise as data analysis agents, but existing benchmarks overlook the iterative nature of the field, where experts' decisions evolve with deeper insights of the dataset. To address this, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Hanyu Li , Haoyu Liu , Tingyu Zhu , Tianyu Guo , Zeyu Zheng , Xiaotie Deng , Michael I. Jordan

Evaluating recommender systems remains a long-standing challenge, as offline methods based on historical user interactions and train-test splits often yield unstable and inconsistent results due to exposure bias, popularity bias, sampled…

Serendipity-oriented recommender systems aim to counteract over-specialization in user preferences. However, evaluating a user's serendipitous response towards a recommended item can be challenging because of its emotional nature. In this…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Yu Tokutake , Kazushi Okamoto

While LLM-Based agents, which use external tools to solve complex problems, have made significant progress, benchmarking their ability is challenging, thereby hindering a clear understanding of their limitations. In this paper, we propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Chuyu Zhang , Songyang Zhang , Yingfan Hu , Haowen Shen , Kuikun Liu , Zerun Ma , Fengzhe Zhou , Wenwei Zhang , Xuming He , Dahua Lin , Kai Chen

Human evaluation plays a crucial role in Natural Language Processing (NLP) as it assesses the quality and relevance of developed systems, thereby facilitating their enhancement. However, the absence of widely accepted human evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Iva Bojic , Jessica Chen , Si Yuan Chang , Qi Chwen Ong , Shafiq Joty , Josip Car

A recent Large language model (LLM)-based recommendation model, called RecRanker, has demonstrated a superior performance in the top-k recommendation task compared to other models. In particular, RecRanker samples users via clustering,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Zeyuan Meng , Zixuan Yi , Iadh Ounis

Large language model (LLM) evaluation platforms increasingly rely on pairwise human judgments. These data are noisy, sparse, and non-uniform, yet leaderboards are reported with limited uncertainty quantification. We study this as…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-08 Jiachun Li , David Simchi-Levi , Will Wei Sun

LLM-based agents represent a paradigm shift in AI, enabling autonomous systems to plan, reason, and use tools while interacting with dynamic environments. This paper provides the first comprehensive survey of evaluation methods for these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Asaf Yehudai , Lilach Eden , Alan Li , Guy Uziel , Yilun Zhao , Roy Bar-Haim , Arman Cohan , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer

With generative artificial intelligence (AI), particularly large language models (LLMs), continuing to make inroads in healthcare, it is critical to supplement traditional automated evaluations with human evaluations. Understanding and…

Traditional reference-based metrics, such as BLEU and ROUGE, are less effective for assessing outputs from Large Language Models (LLMs) that produce highly creative or superior-quality text, or in situations where reference outputs are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Qian Pan , Zahra Ashktorab , Michael Desmond , Martin Santillan Cooper , James Johnson , Rahul Nair , Elizabeth Daly , Werner Geyer

In the evolutionary computing community, the remarkable language-handling capabilities and reasoning power of large language models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced the functionality of evolutionary algorithms (EAs), enabling them to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Jiao Liu , Zhu Sun , Shanshan Feng , Caishun Chen , Yew-Soon Ong

Recent advances in mathematical reasoning and the long-term planning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have precipitated the development of agents, which are being increasingly leveraged in business operations processes. Decision…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Xuhua Zhao , Yuxuan Xie , Caihua Chen , Yuxiang Sun

As the online learning landscape evolves, the need for personalization is increasingly evident. Although educational resources are burgeoning, educators face challenges selecting materials that both align with intended learning outcomes and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Mohammadreza Molavi , Mohammad Moein , Mohammadreza Tavakoli , Abdolali Faraji , Stefan T. Mol , Gábor Kismihók

[Background] Systematic literature reviews (SLRs) are essential for synthesizing evidence in Software Engineering (SE), but keeping them up-to-date requires substantial effort. Study selection, one of the most labor-intensive steps,…

Recent studies have used both automatic metrics and human evaluations to assess the simplification abilities of LLMs. However, the suitability of existing evaluation methodologies for LLMs remains in question. First, the suitability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Xuanxin Wu , Yuki Arase

Rating-based human evaluation has become an essential tool to accurately evaluate the impressive performance of large language models (LLMs). However, current rating systems suffer from several important limitations: first, they fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Jasper Dekoninck , Maximilian Baader , Martin Vechev

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled the emergence of general-purpose agents for automating end-to-end machine learning (ML) workflows, including data analysis, feature engineering, model training, and competition…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Hangyi Jia , Yuxi Qian , Hanwen Tong , Xinhui Wu , Lin Chen , Feng Wei
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