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This paper argues that a dataset's legal risk cannot be accurately assessed by its license terms alone; instead, tracking dataset redistribution and its full lifecycle is essential. However, this process is too complex for legal experts to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Jaekyeom Kim , Sungryull Sohn , Gerrard Jeongwon Jo , Jihoon Choi , Kyunghoon Bae , Hwayoung Lee , Yongmin Park , Honglak Lee

Ensuring compliance with international data protection standards for privacy and data security is a crucial but complex task, often requiring substantial legal expertise. This paper introduces LegiLM, a novel legal language model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Linkai Zhu , Lu Yang , Chaofan Li , Shanwen Hu , Lu Liu , Bin Yin

Public datasets have played a key role in advancing the state of the art in License Plate Recognition (LPR). Although dataset bias has been recognized as a severe problem in the computer vision community, it has been largely overlooked in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Rayson Laroca , Marcelo Santos , Valter Estevam , Eduardo Luz , David Menotti

Privacy policies serve as the primary conduit through which online service providers inform users about their data collection and usage procedures. However, in a bid to be comprehensive and mitigate legal risks, these policy documents are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Chenhao Tang , Zhengliang Liu , Chong Ma , Zihao Wu , Yiwei Li , Wei Liu , Dajiang Zhu , Quanzheng Li , Xiang Li , Tianming Liu , Lei Fan

The race to train language models on vast, diverse, and inconsistently documented datasets has raised pressing concerns about the legal and ethical risks for practitioners. To remedy these practices threatening data transparency and…

Large language models (LLMs), both proprietary and open-source, have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various natural language processing tasks. However, they face significant limitations in legal reasoning tasks. Proprietary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Zhi Zhou , Kun-Yang Yu , Shi-Yu Tian , Xiao-Wen Yang , Jiang-Xin Shi , Pengxiao Song , Yi-Xuan Jin , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li

Publicly available datasets are one of the key drivers for commercial AI software. The use of publicly available datasets is governed by dataset licenses. These dataset licenses outline the rights one is entitled to on a given dataset and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Erika Tuck , Li Zi , Dayi Lin , Boyuan Chen , Zhen Ming , Jiang , Daniel M. German

Many AI companies are training their large language models (LLMs) on data without the permission of the copyright owners. The permissibility of doing so varies by jurisdiction: in countries like the EU and Japan, this is allowed under…

Privacy law and regulation have turned to "consent" as the legitimate basis for collecting and processing individuals' data. As governments have rushed to enshrine consent requirements in their privacy laws, such as the California Consumer…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Aniket Kesari , Travis Breaux , Tom Norton , Sarah Santos , Anmol Singhal

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized various sectors by automating routine tasks, marking a step toward the realization of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). However, they still struggle to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Zihao Tang , Zheqi Lv , Shengyu Zhang , Fei Wu , Kun Kuang

In recent years, large language models(LLMs) have attracted significant attention due to their exceptional performance across a multitude of natural language process tasks, and have been widely applied in various fields. However, the…

The rapid rollout of AI in heterogeneous public and societal sectors has subsequently escalated the need for compliance with regulatory standards and frameworks. The EU AI Act has emerged as a landmark in the regulatory landscape. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Athanasios Davvetas , Michael Papademas , Xenia Ziouvelou , Vangelis Karkaletsis

Although AI drafting tools have gained prominence in patent writing, the systematic evaluation of AI-generated patent content quality represents a significant research gap. To address this gap, We propose to evaluate patents using…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yuqian Chai , Chaochao Wang , Weilei Wang

Foundation models have had a transformative impact on AI. A combination of large investments in research and development, growing sources of digital data for training, and architectures that scale with data and compute has led to models…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Daniel McDuff , Tim Korjakow , Kevin Klyman , Danish Contractor

As governments move to regulate AI, there is growing interest in using Large Language Models (LLMs) to assess whether or not an AI system complies with a given AI Regulation (AIR). However, there is presently no way to benchmark the…

Generative AI models, such as the GPT and Llama series, have significant potential to assist laypeople in answering legal questions. However, little prior work focuses on the data sourcing, inference, and evaluation of these models in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Jonathan Li , Rohan Bhambhoria , Samuel Dahan , Xiaodan Zhu

Cloud computing adoption across industries has revolutionized enterprise operations while introducing significant challenges in compliance management. Organizations must continuously meet evolving regulatory requirements such as GDPR and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Yuqing Wang , Xiao Yang

Safety critical software assessment requires robust assessment against complex regulatory frameworks, a process traditionally limited by manual evaluation. This paper presents Document Retrieval-Augmented Fine-Tuning (DRAFT), a novel…

Dataset licensing is currently an issue in the development of machine learning systems. And in the development of machine learning systems, the most widely used are publicly available datasets. However, since the images in the publicly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Junyu Chen , Norihiro Yoshida , Hiroaki Takada

This study evaluates the performance of general-purpose AI, like ChatGPT, in legal question-answering tasks, highlighting significant risks to legal professionals and clients. It suggests leveraging foundational models enhanced by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Rohan Bhambhoria , Samuel Dahan , Jonathan Li , Xiaodan Zhu
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