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Integrated information theory (IIT) starts from consciousness itself and identifies a set of properties (axioms) that are true of every conceivable experience. The axioms are translated into a set of postulates about the substrate of…

Integrated information theory (IIT) starts from the existence of consciousness and characterizes its essential properties: every experience is intrinsic, specific, unitary, definite, and structured. IIT then formulates existence and its…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-20 William G. P. Mayner , William Marshall , Giulio Tononi

The problem of explaining the relationship between subjective experience and physical reality remains difficult and unresolved. In most explanations, consciousness is epiphenomenal, without causal power. The most notable exception is…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-26 John Sanfey

This overview of integrated information theory (IIT) emphasizes IIT's "consciousness-first" approach to what exists. Consciousness demonstrates to each of us that something exists--experience--and reveals its essential properties--the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-23 Giulio Tononi , Melanie Boly

Originally conceived as a theory of consciousness, integrated information theory (IIT) provides a theoretical framework intended to characterize the compositional causal information that a system, in its current state, specifies about…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-22 Larissa Albantakis , Robert Prentner , Ian Durham

The purpose of this article is to provide an overall critical appraisal of Integrated Information Theory(IIT) of consciousness. We explore how it has evolved and what problems are involved in the theory. IIT is a hypothesis that…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-10-02 Kyumin Moon , Hongju Pae

The science of consciousness has made great strides by focusing on the behavioral and neuronal correlates of experience. However, correlates are not enough if we are to understand even basic neurological fact; nor are they of much help in…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-10-15 Giulio Tononi , Christof Koch

Integrated information theory (IIT) has established itself as one of the leading theories for the study of consciousness. IIT essentially proposes that quantitative consciousness is identical to maximally integrated conceptual information,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-03-06 Stephan Krohn , Dirk Ostwald

The Integrated Information Theory (IIT) might be our current best bet at a scientific explanation of phenomenal consciousness. IIT focuses on the distinctively subjective and phenomenological aspects of conscious experience. Currently, it…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-05-06 Azenet Lopez , Carlos Montemayor

This paper presents Integrated Information Theory (IIT) 4.0. IIT aims to account for the properties of experience in physical (operational) terms. It identifies the essential properties of experience (axioms), infers the necessary and…

Understanding how subjective experience arises from information processing remains a central challenge in neuroscience, cognitive science, and AI research. The Modular Consciousness Theory (MCT) proposes a biologically grounded and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-10-03 Michaël Gillon

The integrated information theory of consciousness (IIT) is uniquely ambitious in proposing a mathematical formula, derived from apparently fundamental properties of conscious experience, to describe the quantity and quality of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-14 Adam B. Barrett , Borjan Milinkovic , Pedro A. M. Mediano , Fernando E. Rosas , Daniel Bor , Lionel Barnett , Anil K. Seth

This essay addresses the implications of integrated information theory (IIT) for free will. IIT is a theory of what consciousness is and what it takes to have it. According to IIT, the presence of consciousness is accounted for by a maximum…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-04-04 Giulio Tononi , Larissa Albantakis , Melanie Boly , Chiara Cirelli , Christof Koch

Information theory, introduced by Shannon, has been extremely successful and influential as a mathematical theory of communication. Shannon's notion of information does not consider the meaning of the messages being communicated but only…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-17 Alireza Zaeemzadeh , Giulio Tononi

In science, macro level descriptions of the causal interactions within complex, dynamical systems are typically deemed convenient, but ultimately reducible to a complete causal account of the underlying micro constituents. Yet, such a…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-04-02 Larissa Albantakis , Francesco Massari , Maggie Beheler-Amass , Giulio Tononi

In many areas, we have well-founded insights about causal structure that would be useful to bring into our trained models while still allowing them to learn in a data-driven fashion. To achieve this, we present the new method of interchange…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-22 Atticus Geiger , Zhengxuan Wu , Hanson Lu , Josh Rozner , Elisa Kreiss , Thomas Icard , Noah D. Goodman , Christopher Potts

Information processing in neural systems can be described and analysed at multiple spatiotemporal scales. Generally, information at lower levels is more fine-grained and can be coarse-grained in higher levels. However, information processed…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-07-21 Acer Y. C. Chang , Martin Biehl , Yen Yu , Ryota Kanai

Integrated Information Theory (IIT) is a prominent theory of consciousness that has at its centre measures that quantify the extent to which a system generates more information than the sum of its parts. While several candidate measures of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-01-30 Pedro A. M. Mediano , Anil K. Seth , Adam B. Barrett

Integrated Information Theory is one of the leading models of consciousness. It aims to describe both the quality and quantity of the conscious experience of a physical system, such as the brain, in a particular state. In this contribution,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-02-19 Johannes Kleiner , Sean Tull

A stream of conscious experience is extremely contextual; it is impacted by sensory stimuli, drives and emotions, and the web of associations that link, directly or indirectly, the subject of experience to other elements of the individual's…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2013-10-30 Diederik Aerts , Jan Broekaert , Liane Gabora
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