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We introduce and analyze a novel quantum machine learning model motivated by convolutional neural networks. Our quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN) makes use of only $O(\log(N))$ variational parameters for input sizes of $N$ qubits,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-23 Iris Cong , Soonwon Choi , Mikhail D. Lukin

Machine learning has emerged as a promising approach to study the properties of many-body systems. Recently proposed as a tool to classify phases of matter, the approach relies on classical simulation methods$-$such as Monte Carlo$-$which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-17 Alexey Uvarov , Andrey Kardashin , Jacob Biamonte

The development of large-scale platforms for quantum information requires new methods for verification and validation of quantum behavior. Quantum tomography (QT) is the standard tool for diagnosing quantum states, process, and readout…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-10 Charles H. Baldwin

Quantum process tomography is a procedure by which the unknown dynamical evolution of an open quantum system can be fully experimentally characterized. We demonstrate explicitly how this procedure can be implemented with a nuclear magnetic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Andrew M. Childs , Isaac L. Chuang , Debbie W. Leung

Active Learning (AL) is a family of machine learning (ML) algorithms that predates the current era of artificial intelligence. Unlike traditional approaches that require labeled samples for training, AL iteratively selects unlabeled samples…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-31 Yongcheng Ding , José D. Martín-Guerrero , Yolanda Vives-Gilabert , Xi Chen

Several Bayesian estimation based heuristics have been developed to perform quantum state tomography (QST). Their ability to quantify uncertainties using region estimators and include a priori knowledge of the experimentalists makes this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-16 Syed Muhammad Kazim , Ahmad Farooq , Junaid ur Rehman , Hyundong Shin

This article considers the problem of designing adaption and optimisation techniques for training quantum learning machines. To this end, the division algebra of quaternions is used to derive an effective model for representing computation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-09 Sayed Pouria Talebi , Clive Cheong Took , Danilo P. Mandic

The characterization of a unitary gate is experimentally accomplished via Quantum Process Tomography, which combines the outcomes of different projective measurements to reconstruct the underlying operator. The process matrix is typically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Tareq Jaouni , Francesco Di Colandrea , Lorenzo Amato , Filippo Cardano , Ebrahim Karimi

Many challenges arising in Quantum Technology can be successfully addressed using a set of machine learning algorithms collectively known as reinforcement learning (RL), based on adaptive decision-making through interaction with the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Marin Bukov , Florian Marquardt

Quantifying and verifying the control level in preparing a quantum state are central challenges in building quantum devices. The quantum state is characterized from experimental measurements, using a procedure known as tomography, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-28 Quoc Hoan Tran , Kohei Nakajima

Variational quantum circuits (VQCs) constitute a central building block of near-term quantum machine learning (QML), yet the principled design of expressive and trainable architectures remains a major open challenge. The VQC design space…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Marco Knipfer , Alexander Roman , Konstantin T. Matchev , Katia Matcheva , Sergei Gleyzer

Quantum State Tomography is the task of determining an unknown quantum state by making measurements on identical copies of the state. Current algorithms are costly both on the experimental front -- requiring vast numbers of measurements --…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-18 Yihui Quek , Stanislav Fort , Hui Khoon Ng

In recent years, neural networks (NNs) have driven significant advances in machine learning. However, as tasks grow more complex, NNs often require large numbers of trainable parameters, which increases computational and energy demands.…

Reconstructing quantum states from measurement data represents a formidable challenge in quantum information science, especially as system sizes grow beyond the reach of traditional tomography methods. While recent studies have explored…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-06 Shabnam Jabeen , Dmytro Kurdydyk , Aadi Palnitkar , Mihir Talati , Jeffrey Yan , Jinghong Yang

In the field of quantum computing, variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) represent a pivotal category of quantum solutions across a broad spectrum of applications. These algorithms demonstrate significant potential for realising quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-16 Abhishek Sadhu , Aritra Sarkar , Akash Kundu

Quantum state tomography (QST) is a fundamental task in quantum information science that aims to reconstruct unknown quantum states from measurement data. However, the exponential growth of Hilbert-space dimension with system size makes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Zhen Qin , Michael B. Wakin , Zhihui Zhu

Quantum algorithms can enhance machine learning in different aspects. In 2014, Rebentrost $et~al.$ constructed a least squares quantum support vector machine (LS-QSVM), in which the Swap Test plays a crucial role in realizing the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-03 Rui Zhang , Jian Wang , Nan Jiang , Zichen Wang

Accurate and robust quantum process tomography (QPT) is crucial for verifying quantum gates and diagnosing implementation faults in experiments aimed at building universal quantum computers. However, the reliability of QPT protocols is…

Quantum computing leverages quantum mechanics to address computational problems in ways that differ fundamentally from classical approaches. While current quantum hardware remains error-prone and limited in scale, Variational Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-16 Michael Kölle , Simon Salfer , Tobias Rohe , Philipp Altmann , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

Scaling quantum computers, i.e., quantum processing units (QPUs) to enable the execution of large quantum circuits is a major challenge, especially for applications that should provide a quantum advantage over classical algorithms. One…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Leo Sünkel , Jonas Stein , Jonas Nüßlein , Tobias Rohe , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien
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