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Related papers: Test Adequacy for Metamorphic Testing: Criteria, M…

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Automated testing is essential for evaluating and improving the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet the lack of automated oracles for verifying output correctness remains a key challenge. We present LLMORPH, an automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Steven Cho , Stefano Ruberto , Valerio Terragni

Metamorphic Testing (MT) addresses the test oracle problem by examining the relations between inputs and outputs of test executions. Such relations are known as Metamorphic Relations (MRs). In current practice, identifying and selecting…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Alejandra Duque-Torres , Dietmar Pfahl , Rudolf Ramler , Claus Klammer

Metamorphic testing has become one mainstream technique to address the notorious oracle problem in software testing, thanks to its great successes in revealing real-life bugs in a wide variety of software systems. Metamorphic relations, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Rui Li , Huai Liu , Pak-Lok Poon , Dave Towey , Chang-Ai Sun , Zheng Zheng , Zhi Quan Zhou , Tsong Yueh Chen

In recent years, Large language model-powered Automated Program Repair (LAPR) techniques have achieved state-of-the-art bug-fixing performance and have been pervasively applied and studied in both industry and academia. Nonetheless, LLMs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Pengyu Xue , Linhao Wu , Zhen Yang , Zhongxing Yu , Zhi Jin , Ge Li , Yan Xiao , Shuo Liu , Xinyi Li , Hongyi Lin , Jingwen Wu

Comparing test suite effectiveness metrics has always been a research hotspot. However, prior studies have different conclusions or even contradict each other for comparing different test suite effectiveness metrics. The problem we found…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Peng Zhang , Yang Wang , Xutong Liu , Yibiao Yang , Yanhui Li , Lin Chen , Ziyuan Wang , Chang-ai Sun , Yuming Zhou

Software integrity measurement and attestation (M&A) are critical technologies for evaluating the trustworthiness of software platforms. To best support these technologies, next generation systems must provide a centralized service for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-10-02 J. Aaron Pendergrass , Sarah Helble , John Clemens , Peter Loscocco

Systematic application of software metric techniques can lead to significant improvements of the quality of a final software product. However, there is still the evident lack of wider utilization of software metrics techniques and tools due…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2013-11-18 Gordana Rakic , Zoran Budimac

The latest paradigm shift in software development brings in the innovation and automation afforded by Large Language Models (LLMs), showcased by Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT), which has shown remarkable capacity to generate code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Xiaoyin Wang , Dakai Zhu

While a recent study reveals that many developer-written test cases can encode a reusable Metamorphic Relation (MR), over 70% of them directly hard-code the source input and follow-up input in the encoded relation. Such encoded MRs, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Congying Xu , Songqiang Chen , Jiarong Wu , Shing-Chi Cheung , Valerio Terragni , Hengcheng Zhu , Jialun Cao

Automated tests play an important role in software evolution because they can rapidly detect faults introduced during changes. In practice, code-coverage metrics are often used as criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of test suites with…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-11-23 Rainer Niedermayr , Elmar Juergens , Stefan Wagner

Metamorphic testing is a testing method for problems without test oracles. Integration testing allows for detecting errors in complex systems that may not be found during the testing of their components. In this paper, we propose a novel…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Sofia F. Yakusheva , Anton S. Khritankov

Mutation testing is a well-established technique for assessing a test suite's quality by injecting artificial faults into production code. In recent years, mutation testing has been extended to machine learning (ML) systems, and deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Annibale Panichella , Cynthia C. S. Liem

Objective: To present an overview on the current state of the art concerning metrics-based quality evaluation of software components and component assemblies. Method: Comparison of several approaches available in the literature, using a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2011-10-03 Miguel Goulão , Fernando Brito e Abreu

With the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, researchers have been working on how to utilize the LLMs for better recommendations. However, although LLMs exhibit black-box and probabilistic characteristics (meaning their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Madhurima Khirbat , Yongli Ren , Pablo Castells , Mark Sanderson

A unit test is a method for verifying the accuracy and the proper functioning of a portion of a program. This work consists to study the relation and the approaches to test Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) programs and to propose a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2009-12-21 Martin Levesque

Metamorphic testing (TM) examines the relations between inputs and outputs of test runs. These relations are known as metamorphic relations (MR). Currently, MRs are handpicked and require in-depth knowledge of the System Under Test (SUT),…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Alejandra Duque-Torres , Dietmar Pfahl , Claus Klammer , Stefan Fischer

Many researchers have criticized the field of Software Complexity metrics for the lack of testing, verification, and reproducibility of many metrics and case studies that utilized those metrics. This document describes SMF, a tool that can…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-11-20 Charles Hathaway

In testing of software and Internet of Things (IoT) systems, one of necessary type of tests has to verify the consistency of data that are processed and stored in the system. The Data Cycle Test technique can effectively do such tests. The…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Miroslav Bures , Vaclav Rechtberger

Context. Metamorphic Testing addresses the test-oracle problem in scientific computing, but classical Mutation Score operates on syntactic AST mutations and misses domain semantics. Objective. We propose the Semantic Mutation Score (SMS),…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Meng Li , Xiaohua Yang , Jie Liu , Shiyu Yan

Various proxy metrics for test quality have been defined in order to guide developers when writing tests. Code coverage is particularly well established in practice, even though the question of how coverage relates to test quality is a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Goran Petrović , Marko Ivanković , Gordon Fraser , René Just