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In this paper, we extend mean-field Langevin dynamics to minimax optimization over probability distributions for the first time with symmetric and provably convergent updates. We propose mean-field Langevin averaged gradient (MFL-AG), a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-19 Juno Kim , Kakei Yamamoto , Kazusato Oko , Zhuoran Yang , Taiji Suzuki

In this paper we study a type of games regularized by the relative entropy, where the players' strategies are coupled through a random environment variable. Besides the existence and the uniqueness of equilibria of such games, we prove that…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Giovanni Conforti , Anna Kazeykina , Zhenjie Ren

We study a variant of a recently introduced min-max optimization framework where the max-player is constrained to update its parameters in a greedy manner until it reaches a first-order stationary point. Our equilibrium definition for this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Vijay Keswani , Oren Mangoubi , Sushant Sachdeva , Nisheeth K. Vishnoi

The mean-field Langevin dynamics (MFLD) minimizes an entropy-regularized nonlinear convex functional on the Wasserstein space over $\mathbb{R}^d$, and has gained attention recently as a model for the gradient descent dynamics of interacting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Anming Gu , Juno Kim

As an example of the nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation, the mean field Langevin dynamics recently attracts attention due to its connection to (noisy) gradient descent on infinitely wide neural networks in the mean field regime, and hence the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-28 Atsushi Nitanda , Denny Wu , Taiji Suzuki

Min-max optimization problems arise in several key machine learning setups, including adversarial learning and generative modeling. In their general form, in absence of convexity/concavity assumptions, finding pure equilibria of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Carles Domingo-Enrich , Joan Bruna

In a probabilistic mean field game driven by a L\'evy process an individual player aims to minimize a long run discounted/ergodic cost by controlling the process through a pair of increasing and decreasing c\`adl\`ag processes, while he is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-30 Facundo Oliú

We propose a new method called the N-particle underdamped Langevin algorithm for optimizing a special class of non-linear functionals defined over the space of probability measures. Examples of problems with this formulation include…

Computation · Statistics 2024-02-07 Qiang Fu , Ashia Wilson

We introduce and study a two-player zero-sum game between a probabilist and Nature defined by a convex function $f$, a finite collection $\mathcal{B}$ of Markov generators (or its convex hull), and a target distribution $\pi$. The…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-09-11 Michael C. H. Choi , Geoffrey Wolfer

We study the Langevin dynamics of diffusive particles with regular pairwise interactions under mean-field scaling. By approximating empirical distributions with conditional distributions, we establish coercive and contractive properties for…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-05-28 Songbo Wang

Finding Nash equilibria in two-player zero-sum continuous games is a central problem in machine learning, e.g. for training both GANs and robust models. The existence of pure Nash equilibria requires strong conditions which are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Carles Domingo-Enrich , Samy Jelassi , Arthur Mensch , Grant Rotskoff , Joan Bruna

Finding equilibrium points in continuous minmax games has become a key problem within machine learning, in part due to its connection to the training of generative adversarial networks and reinforcement learning. Because of existence and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-12 Viktor Nilsson , Pierre Nyquist

This paper develops a unified framework for zero-sum games in which both the pure strategies and the payoff matrices contain complex-valued entries. By leveraging a linear isomorphism between complex and real vector spaces, we extend key…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2026-05-21 Raneem Madani , Abdel Lisser , Zeno Toffano

In this paper, we study the problem of finding mixed Nash equilibrium for mean-field two-player zero-sum games. Solving this problem requires optimizing over two probability distributions. We consider a quasistatic Wasserstein gradient flow…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Chao Ma , Lexing Ying

The mean-field Langevin dynamics (MFLD) is a nonlinear generalization of the Langevin dynamics that incorporates a distribution-dependent drift, and it naturally arises from the optimization of two-layer neural networks via (noisy) gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Taiji Suzuki , Denny Wu , Atsushi Nitanda

Zero-sum Markov Stackelberg games can be used to model myriad problems, in domains ranging from economics to human robot interaction. In this paper, we develop policy gradient methods that solve these games in continuous state and action…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Denizalp Goktas , Arjun Prakash , Amy Greenwald

We develop a probabilistic framework to approximate Nash equilibria in symmetric $N$-player games in the large population regime, via the analysis of associated mean field games (MFGs). The approximation is achieved through the analysis of…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-04-27 Ludovic Tangpi , Nizar Touzi

We prove that zero-sum Dynkin games in continuous time with partial and asymmetric information admit a value in randomised stopping times when the stopping payoffs of the players are general \cadlag measurable processes. As a by-product of…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-06-08 Tiziano De Angelis , Nikita Merkulov , Jan Palczewski

This article is concerned with sampling from Gibbs distributions $\pi(x)\propto e^{-U(x)}$ using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. In particular, we investigate Langevin dynamics in the continuous- and the discrete-time setting for such…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-25 Lorenz Fruehwirth , Andreas Habring

Zero-sum stochastic games generalize the notion of Markov Decision Processes (i.e. controlled Markov chains, or stochastic dynamic programming) to the 2-player competitive case : two players jointly control the evolution of a state…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-05-17 Jérôme Renault
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