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This survey provides an in-depth analysis of knowledge conflicts for large language models (LLMs), highlighting the complex challenges they encounter when blending contextual and parametric knowledge. Our focus is on three categories of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Rongwu Xu , Zehan Qi , Zhijiang Guo , Cunxiang Wang , Hongru Wang , Yue Zhang , Wei Xu

Interpretability research aims to bridge the gap between empirical success and our scientific understanding of the inner workings of large language models (LLMs). However, most existing research focuses on analyzing a single mechanism, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Francesco Ortu , Zhijing Jin , Diego Doimo , Mrinmaya Sachan , Alberto Cazzaniga , Bernhard Schölkopf

Using multiple-choice questions (MCQs) has become a standard for assessing LLM capabilities efficiently. A variety of metrics can be employed for this task. However, previous research has not conducted a thorough assessment of them. At the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Ekaterina Goliakova , Xavier Renard , Marie-Jeanne Lesot , Thibault Laugel , Christophe Marsala , Marcin Detyniecki

To effectively interact with the real world, Large Language Models (LLMs) require entity-based commonsense reasoning, a challenging task that necessitates integrating factual knowledge about specific entities with commonsense inference.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Armin Toroghi , Faeze Moradi Kalarde , Scott Sanner

Large Language Models (LLMs) are commonly used in Question Answering (QA) settings, increasingly in the natural sciences if not science at large. Reliable Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) is critical for the trustworthy uptake of generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Philip Müller , Nicholas Popovič , Michael Färber , Peter Steinbach

Large language models (LLMs) have delivered significant breakthroughs across diverse domains but can still produce unreliable or misleading outputs, posing critical challenges for real-world applications. While many recent studies focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Yang Nan , Pengfei He , Ravi Tandon , Han Xu

Large language models (LLMs) tend to generate homogenous texts, which may impact the diversity of knowledge generated across different outputs. Given their potential to replace existing forms of knowledge acquisition, this poses a risk of…

LLM-as-a-Judge is a widely used method for evaluating the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) across various tasks. We address the challenge of quantifying the uncertainty of LLM-as-a-Judge evaluations. While uncertainty…

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly popularized in the multilingual world, ensuring hallucination-free factuality becomes markedly crucial. However, existing benchmarks for evaluating the reliability of Multimodal Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Yexing Du , Kaiyuan Liu , Youcheng Pan , Zheng Chu , Bo Yang , Xiaocheng Feng , Ming Liu , Yang Xiang

The rapid adoption of language models (LMs) across diverse applications has raised concerns about their factuality, i.e., their consistency with real-world facts. We first present VERIFY (Verification and Evidence RetrIeval for FactualitY…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Farima Fatahi Bayat , Lechen Zhang , Sheza Munir , Lu Wang

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained immense attention due to their notable emergent capabilities, surpassing those seen in earlier language models. A particularly intriguing application of LLMs is their role as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Xue-Yong Fu , Md Tahmid Rahman Laskar , Cheng Chen , Shashi Bhushan TN

Ensuring that collections of natural-language facts are globally consistent is essential for tasks such as fact-checking, summarization, and knowledge base construction. While Large Language Models (LLMs) can assess the consistency of small…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Paul He , Elke Kirschbaum , Shiva Kasiviswanathan

Medical question-answering (QA) is a critical task for evaluating how effectively large language models (LLMs) encode clinical knowledge and assessing their potential applications in medicine. Despite showing promise on multiple-choice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Guangfu Guo , Kai Zhang , Bryan Hoo , Yujun Cai , Xiaoqian Lu , Nanyun Peng , Yiwei Wang

Question answering based on retrieval augmented generation (RAG-QA) is an important research topic in NLP and has a wide range of real-world applications. However, most existing datasets for this task are either constructed using a single…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Rujun Han , Yuhao Zhang , Peng Qi , Yumo Xu , Jenyuan Wang , Lan Liu , William Yang Wang , Bonan Min , Vittorio Castelli

With the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), significant safety concerns have emerged. Fundamentally, the safety of large language models is closely linked to the accuracy, comprehensiveness, and clarity of their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Yingshui Tan , Boren Zheng , Baihui Zheng , Kerui Cao , Huiyun Jing , Jincheng Wei , Jiaheng Liu , Yancheng He , Wenbo Su , Xiangyong Zhu , Bo Zheng , Kaifu Zhang

While Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve near-human performance on standard benchmarks, their capabilities often fail to generalize to complex, real-world problems. To bridge this gap, we introduce DeepQuestion, a scalable, automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Ali Khoramfar , Ali Ramezani , Mohammad Mahdi Mohajeri , Mohammad Javad Dousti , Majid Nili Ahmadabadi , Heshaam Faili

Generative AI (Gen AI) with large language models (LLMs) are being widely adopted across the industry, academia and government. Cybersecurity is one of the key sectors where LLMs can be and/or are already being used. There are a number of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Aditya Patwardhan , Vivek Vaidya , Ashish Kundu

Large language models (LLMs) can correctly answer "When was Einstein born?" yet fail to provide the same date when writing about Einstein's life revealing a fundamental inconsistency in how models access factual knowledge across task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Saad Obaid ul Islam , Anne Lauscher , Goran Glavaš

As we embark on a new era of LLMs, it becomes increasingly crucial to understand their capabilities, limitations, and differences. Toward making further progress in this direction, we strive to build a deeper understanding of the gaps…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Meghana Moorthy Bhat , Rui Meng , Ye Liu , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable performance on knowledge-intensive tasks, suggesting that real-world knowledge is encoded in their model parameters. However, besides explorations on a few probing tasks in limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Yuyang Bai , Shangbin Feng , Vidhisha Balachandran , Zhaoxuan Tan , Shiqi Lou , Tianxing He , Yulia Tsvetkov