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We consider the injectivity property of the ReLU networks layers. Determining the ReLU injectivity capacity (ratio of the number of layer's inputs and outputs) is established as isomorphic to determining the capacity of the so-called…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-29 Mihailo Stojnic

We consider the memorization capabilities of multilayered \emph{sign} perceptrons neural networks (SPNNs). A recent rigorous upper-bounding capacity characterization, obtained in \cite{Stojnictcmspnncaprdt23} utilizing the Random Duality…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-14 Mihailo Stojnic

When can the input of a ReLU neural network be inferred from its output? In other words, when is the network injective? We consider a single layer, $x \mapsto \mathrm{ReLU}(Wx)$, with a random Gaussian $m \times n$ matrix $W$, in a…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-12-13 Antoine Maillard , Afonso S. Bandeira , David Belius , Ivan Dokmanić , Shuta Nakajima

We study the capacity of \emph{sign} perceptrons neural networks (SPNN) and particularly focus on 1-hidden layer \emph{treelike committee machine} (TCM) architectures. Similarly to what happens in the case of a single perceptron neuron, it…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-12-14 Mihailo Stojnic

The success of deep networks has been attributed in part to their expressivity: per parameter, deep networks can approximate a richer class of functions than shallow networks. In ReLU networks, the number of activation patterns is one…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-22 Boris Hanin , David Rolnick

Recent progress in studying \emph{treelike committee machines} (TCM) neural networks (NN) in \cite{Stojnictcmspnncaprdt23,Stojnictcmspnncapliftedrdt23,Stojnictcmspnncapdiffactrdt23} showed that the Random Duality Theory (RDT) and its a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-09 Mihailo Stojnic

Neural networks with the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) nonlinearity are described by a vector of parameters $\theta$, and realized as a piecewise linear continuous function $R_{\theta}: x \in \mathbb R^{d} \mapsto R_{\theta}(x) \in \mathbb…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Pierre Stock , Rémi Gribonval

Motivated by the growing theoretical understanding of neural networks that employ the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) as their activation function, we revisit the use of ReLU activation functions for learning implicit neural representations…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-05 Joseph Shenouda , Yamin Zhou , Robert D. Nowak

Injectivity is the defining property of a mapping that ensures no information is lost and any input can be perfectly reconstructed from its output. By performing hard thresholding, the ReLU function naturally interferes with this property,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Daniel Haider , Martin Ehler , Peter Balazs

We extend the ReLU Transition Graph (RTG) framework into a comprehensive graph-theoretic model for understanding deep ReLU networks. In this model, each node represents a linear activation region, and edges connect regions that differ by a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Sahil Rajesh Dhayalkar

We develop a geometric approximation theory for deep feed-forward neural networks with ReLU activations. Given a $d$-dimensional hypersurface in $\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$ represented as the graph of a $C^2$-function $\phi$, we show that a deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Jonatan Vallin , Karl Larsson , Mats G. Larson

We study the expressivity of one-dimensional (1D) ReLU deep neural networks through the lens of their linear regions. For randomly initialized, fully connected 1D ReLU networks (He scaling with nonzero bias) in the infinite-width limit, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Jonathan Kogan , Hayden Jananthan , Jeremy Kepner

It is commonly recognized that the expressiveness of deep neural networks is contingent upon a range of factors, encompassing their depth, width, and other relevant considerations. Currently, the practical performance of the majority of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Xuan Qi , Yi Wei

Injectivity plays an important role in generative models where it enables inference; in inverse problems and compressed sensing with generative priors it is a precursor to well posedness. We establish sharp characterizations of injectivity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Michael Puthawala , Konik Kothari , Matti Lassas , Ivan Dokmanić , Maarten de Hoop

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are very successful at solving challenging problems with sequential data. However, this observed efficiency is not yet entirely explained by theory. It is known that a certain class of multiplicative RNNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-31 Valentin Khrulkov , Oleksii Hrinchuk , Ivan Oseledets

A new network with super approximation power is introduced. This network is built with Floor ($\lfloor x\rfloor$) or ReLU ($\max\{0,x\}$) activation function in each neuron and hence we call such networks Floor-ReLU networks. For any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Zuowei Shen , Haizhao Yang , Shijun Zhang

A recurrent neural network (RNN) is a widely used deep-learning network for dealing with sequential data. Imitating a dynamical system, an infinite-width RNN can approximate any open dynamical system in a compact domain. In general, deep…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-30 Chang hoon Song , Geonho Hwang , Jun ho Lee , Myungjoo Kang

Neural networks are regularly employed in adaptive control of nonlinear systems and related methods of reinforcement learning. A common architecture uses a neural network with a single hidden layer (i.e. a shallow network), in which the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-18 Andrew Lamperski , Tyler Lekang

To confirm that the expressive power of ReLU neural networks grows with their depth, the function $F_n = \max \{0,x_1,\ldots,x_n\}$ has been considered in the literature. A conjecture by Hertrich, Basu, Di Summa, and Skutella [NeurIPS 2021]…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Gennadiy Averkov , Christopher Hojny , Maximilian Merkert

Neural networks with ReLU activation play a key role in modern machine learning. Understanding the functions represented by ReLU networks is a major topic in current research as this enables a better interpretability of learning processes.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Vincent Froese , Moritz Grillo , Martin Skutella
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