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Recent large language models support inputs of up to 10 million tokens, yet they perform poorly on long-context tasks that require complex reasoning. Such tasks can be solved using only a subset of the input -- a proxy context -- rather…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Miao Li , Irina Saparina , Alexander Gurung , Mirella Lapata

Image captioning requires numerous annotated image-text pairs, resulting in substantial annotation costs. Recently, large models (e.g. diffusion models and large language models) have excelled in producing high-quality images and text. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Feipeng Ma , Yizhou Zhou , Fengyun Rao , Yueyi Zhang , Xiaoyan Sun

Long-context reasoning is essential for complex real-world applications, yet remains a significant challenge for Large Language Models (LLMs). Despite the rapid evolution in long-context reasoning, current research often overlooks the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yanling Xiao , Huaibing Xie , Guoliang Zhao , Shihan Dou , Shaolei Wang , Yiting Liu , Nantao Zheng , Cheng Zhang , Pluto Zhou , Zhisong Zhang , Lemao Liu

Typically, training LLMs with long context sizes is computationally expensive, requiring extensive training hours and GPU resources. Existing long-context extension methods usually need additional training procedures to support…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Jiaheng Liu , Zhiqi Bai , Yuanxing Zhang , Chenchen Zhang , Yu Zhang , Ge Zhang , Jiakai Wang , Haoran Que , Yukang Chen , Wenbo Su , Tiezheng Ge , Jie Fu , Wenhu Chen , Bo Zheng

The long-context capability of the Large Language Models (LLM) has made significant breakthroughs, but the maximum supported context length in length extrapolation remains a critical bottleneck limiting their practical applications. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Xiaoran Liu , Ruixiao Li , Qipeng Guo , Zhigeng Liu , Yuerong Song , Kai Lv , Hang Yan , Linlin Li , Qun Liu , Xipeng Qiu

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has inaugurated a transformative epoch in natural language processing, fostering unprecedented proficiency in text generation, comprehension, and contextual scrutiny. Nevertheless,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Cangqing Wang , Yutian Yang , Ruisi Li , Dan Sun , Ruicong Cai , Yuzhu Zhang , Chengqian Fu , Lillian Floyd

While state-of-the-art Text-to-Speech systems can generate natural speech of very high quality at sentence level, they still meet great challenges in speech generation for paragraph / long-form reading. Such deficiencies are due to i)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yujia Xiao , Shaofei Zhang , Xi Wang , Xu Tan , Lei He , Sheng Zhao , Frank K. Soong , Tan Lee

State-of-the-art slot filling models for goal-oriented human/machine conversational language understanding systems rely on deep learning methods. While multi-task training of such models alleviates the need for large in-domain annotated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-07-11 Ankur Bapna , Gokhan Tur , Dilek Hakkani-Tur , Larry Heck

Long-horizon tasks that require sustained reasoning and multiple tool interactions remain challenging for LLM agents: small errors compound across steps, and even state-of-the-art models often hallucinate or lose coherence. We identify…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Guangya Wan , Mingyang Ling , Xiaoqi Ren , Rujun Han , Sheng Li , Zizhao Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are in need of sufficient contexts to handle many critical applications, such as retrieval augmented generation and few-shot learning. However, due to the constrained window size, the LLMs can only access to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Ninglu Shao , Shitao Xiao , Zheng Liu , Peitian Zhang

While recent pre-trained transformer-based models can perform named entity recognition (NER) with great accuracy, their limited range remains an issue when applied to long documents such as whole novels. To alleviate this issue, a solution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Arthur Amalvy , Vincent Labatut , Richard Dufour

We introduce Context Tuning, a simple and effective method to significantly enhance few-shot adaptation of language models (LLMs) without fine-tuning model parameters. While prompt-based adaptation techniques have demonstrated the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Jack Lu , Ryan Teehan , Zhenbang Yang , Mengye Ren

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to have limited extrapolation ability beyond their pre-trained context window, constraining their application in downstream tasks with lengthy inputs. Recent studies have sought to extend LLMs' context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Yikai Zhang , Junlong Li , Pengfei Liu

Achieving human-level translations requires leveraging context to ensure coherence and handle complex phenomena like pronoun disambiguation. Sparsity of contextually rich examples in the standard training data has been hypothesized as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Paweł Mąka , Yusuf Can Semerci , Jan Scholtes , Gerasimos Spanakis

Large language model fine-tuning has been identified as an efficient approach to applying the pre-trained Large language models to other domains. To guarantee data privacy for different data owners, models are often fine-tuned in federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Ping Zhang , Zhaorui Zhang , Sheng Di , Yao Xin , Benben Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant computational challenges when processing long contexts due to the quadratic complexity of self-attention. While soft context compression methods, which map input text to smaller latent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Gabriele Berton , Jayakrishnan Unnikrishnan , Son Tran , Mubarak Shah

Extending the context window of language models typically requires expensive long-context pre-training, posing significant challenges for both training efficiency and data collection. In this paper, we present evidence that long-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Patrick Huber , Ernie Chang , Chinnadhurai Sankar , Rylan Conway , Igor Fedorov , Md Rifat Arefin , Adithya Sagar

Retrieval-augmented language models have demonstrated performance comparable to much larger models while requiring fewer computational resources. The effectiveness of these models crucially depends on the overlap between query and retrieved…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Ehsan Doostmohammadi , Marco Kuhlmann

Large language models contain noisy general knowledge of the world, yet are hard to train or fine-tune. On the other hand cognitive architectures have excellent interpretability and are flexible to update but require a lot of manual work to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Feiyu Zhu , Reid Simmons

In-Context Learning (ICL) is a technique by which language models make predictions based on examples provided in their input context. Previously, their context window size imposed a limit on the number of examples that can be shown, making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Jinheon Baek , Sun Jae Lee , Prakhar Gupta , Geunseob Oh , Siddharth Dalmia , Prateek Kolhar