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Large language models (LLMs) have accomplished remarkable reasoning performance in various domains. However, in the domain of reasoning tasks, we discover a frailty: LLMs are surprisingly brittle to the ordering of the premises, despite the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Xinyun Chen , Ryan A. Chi , Xuezhi Wang , Denny Zhou

Fault Localization (FL) aims to automatically localize buggy lines of code, a key first step in many manual and automatic debugging tasks. Previous FL techniques assume the provision of input tests, and often require extensive program…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Aidan Z. H. Yang , Ruben Martins , Claire Le Goues , Vincent J. Hellendoorn

As large language models (LLMs) become integral to diverse applications, ensuring their reliability under varying input conditions is crucial. One key issue affecting this reliability is order sensitivity, wherein slight variations in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Bryan Guan , Tanya Roosta , Peyman Passban , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh

Identifying the point of error is imperative in software debugging. Traditional fault localization (FL) techniques rely on executing the program and using the code coverage matrix in tandem with test case results to calculate a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Suhwan Ji , Sanghwa Lee , Changsup Lee , Hyeonseung Im , Yo-Sub Han

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in decision-support systems for high-stakes domains such as hiring and university admissions, where choices often involve selecting among competing alternatives. While prior work has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Haonan Yin , Shai Vardi , Vidyanand Choudhary

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in code-related tasks, particularly in automated program repair. However, the effectiveness of such repairs is highly dependent on the performance of upstream fault…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-24 YingJian Xiao , RongQun Hu , WeiWei Gong , HongWei Li , AnQuan Jie

Real-world instructions with multiple constraints pose a significant challenge to existing large language models (LLMs). An observation is that the LLMs exhibit dramatic performance fluctuation when disturbing the order of the incorporated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jie Zeng , Qianyu He , Qingyu Ren , Jiaqing Liang , Yanghua Xiao , Weikang Zhou , Zeye Sun , Fei Yu

[Context and motivation] Large language models (LLMs) show notable results in natural language processing (NLP) tasks for requirements engineering (RE). However, their use is compromised by high computational cost, data sharing risks, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Mohammad Amin Zadenoori , Vincenzo De Martino , Jacek Dabrowski , Xavier Franch , Alessio Ferrari

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various NLP tasks. However, previous works have shown these models are sensitive towards prompt wording, and few-shot demonstrations and their order, posing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Pouya Pezeshkpour , Estevam Hruschka

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) utilize multimodal contexts consisting of text, images, or videos to solve various multimodal tasks. However, we find that changing the order of multimodal input can cause the model's performance to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Zhijie Tan , Xu Chu , Weiping Li , Tong Mo

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit positional bias in how they use context, which especially complicates listwise ranking. To address this, we propose permutation self-consistency, a form of self-consistency over ranking list outputs of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Raphael Tang , Xinyu Zhang , Xueguang Ma , Jimmy Lin , Ferhan Ture

Large audio-language models (LALMs) are often used in tasks that involve reasoning over ordered options. An open question is whether their predictions are influenced by the order of answer choices, which would indicate a form of position…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yu-Xiang Lin , Chen-An Li , Sheng-Lun Wei , Po-Chun Chen , Hsin-Hsi Chen , Hung-yi Lee

Large language models (LLMs) have generated significant attention since their inception, finding applications across various academic and industrial domains. However, these models often suffer from the "hallucination problem", where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Zikai Xie

Fault Localization (FL) is a key component of Large Language Model (LLM)-based Automated Program Repair (APR), yet its impact remains underexplored. In particular, it is unclear how much localization is needed, whether additional context…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Melika Sepidband , Hung Viet Pham , Hadi Hemmati

Recent advancements in pretraining have demonstrated that modern Large Language Models (LLMs) possess the capability to effectively learn arithmetic operations. However, despite acknowledging the significance of digit order in arithmetic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Daniel Zhang-Li , Nianyi Lin , Jifan Yu , Zheyuan Zhang , Zijun Yao , Xiaokang Zhang , Lei Hou , Jing Zhang , Juanzi Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a focal point of research across various domains, including software engineering, where their capabilities are increasingly leveraged. Recent studies have explored the integration of LLMs into…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Yi Wen Heng , Zeyang Ma , Zhenhao Li , Dong Jae Kim , Tse-Hsun , Chen

The integration of large language models (LLMs) into automated algorithm design has shown promising potential. A prevalent approach embeds LLMs within search routines to iteratively generate and refine candidate algorithms. However, most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Fei Liu , Rui Zhang , Xi Lin , Zhichao Lu , Qingfu Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are often fine-tuned for use on downstream tasks, though this can degrade capabilities learned during previous training. This phenomenon, often referred to as catastrophic forgetting, has important potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Megan Ung , Alicia Sun , Samuel J. Bell , Bhaktipriya Radharapu , Levent Sagun , Adina Williams

Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in non-generative software maintenance tasks, such as fault localization (FL). Success in FL depends on a models ability to reason about program semantics beyond surface-level…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being increasingly explored as general-purpose tools for recommendation tasks, enabling zero-shot and instruction-following capabilities without the need for task-specific training. While the research…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Ethan Bito , Yongli Ren , Estrid He
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