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Randomized benchmarking provides a tool for obtaining precise quantitative estimates of the average error rate of a physical quantum channel. Here we define real randomized benchmarking, which enables a separate determination of the average…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-23 A. K. Hashagen , S. T. Flammia , D. Gross , J. J. Wallman

Randomized benchmarking is a useful scheme for evaluation the average fidelity of a noisy quantum circuit. However, it is insensitive to the unitary error. Here, we propose a method of randomized benchmarking in which a unitary t-design is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-13 Linxi Zhang , Chuanghua Zhu , Changxing Pei

Typical quantum gate tomography protocols struggle with a self-consistency problem: the gate operation cannot be reconstructed without knowledge of the initial state and final measurement, but such knowledge cannot be obtained without…

The presence of correlations in noisy quantum circuits will be an inevitable side effect as quantum devices continue to grow in size and depth. Randomized Benchmarking (RB) is arguably the simplest method to initially assess the overall…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-05 Shih-Xian Yang , Pedro Figueroa-Romero , Min-Hsiu Hsieh

Current hardware for quantum computing suffers from high levels of noise, and so to achieve practical fault-tolerant quantum computing will require powerful and efficient methods to correct for errors in quantum circuits. Here, we explore…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-16 Aditya Jain , Pavithran Iyer , Stephen D. Bartlett , Joseph Emerson

Recently, there has been an emergence of useful applications for noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices notably, though not exclusively, in the fields of quantum machine learning and variational quantum algorithms. In such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-26 Ellen Derbyshire , Rawad Mezher , Theodoros Kapourniotis , Elham Kashefi

Among the most popular and well studied quantum characterization, verification and validation techniques is randomized benchmarking (RB), an important statistical tool used to characterize the performance of physical logic operations useful…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-01 Harrison Ball , Thomas M. Stace , Steven T. Flammia , Michael J. Biercuk

Benchmarking methods that can be adapted to multi-qubit systems are essential for assessing the overall or "holistic" performance of nascent quantum processors. The current industry standard is Clifford randomized benchmarking (RB), which…

Randomized benchmarking (RB) is the most commonly employed protocol for the characterization of unitary operations in quantum circuits due to its reasonable experimental requirements and robustness against state preparation and measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-15 Mirko Arienzo , Dmitry Grinko , Martin Kliesch , Markus Heinrich

In this paper, we analyze the performance of randomized benchmarking protocols on gate sets under a variety of realistic error models that include systematic rotations, amplitude damping, leakage to higher levels, and 1/f noise. We find…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-07-08 Jeffrey M. Epstein , Andrew W. Cross , Easwar Magesan , Jay M. Gambetta

Randomized benchmarking is a promising tool for characterizing the noise in experimental implementations of quantum systems. In this paper, we prove that the estimates produced by randomized benchmarking (both standard and interleaved) for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-18 Joel J. Wallman , Steven T. Flammia

Benchmarking quantum devices is a foundational task for the sustained development of quantum technologies. However, accurate in situ characterization of large-scale quantum devices remains a formidable challenge: such systems experience…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Tudor Manole , Daniel K. Mark , Wenjie Gong , Bingtian Ye , Yury Polyanskiy , Soonwon Choi

Benchmarking of noise that is induced during the implementation of quantum gates is the main concern for practical quantum computers. Several protocols have been proposed that empirically calculate various metrics that quantify the error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-30 Adarsh Chandrashekar , Soumya Das , Goutam Paul

The standard randomized benchmarking protocol requires access to often complex operations that are not always directly accessible. Compiler optimization does not always ensure equal sequence length of the directly accessible universal gates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-09 Mohsen Mehrani , Kasra Masoudi , Rawad Mezher , Elham Kashefi , Debasis Sadhukhan

The successful implementation of algorithms on quantum processors relies on the accurate control of quantum bits (qubits) to perform logic gate operations. In this era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computing, systematic…

Randomized benchmarking is a powerful technique to efficiently estimate the performance and reliability of quantum gates, circuits and devices. Here we propose to perform randomized benchmarking in a coherent way, where superpositions of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Jorge Miguel-Ramiro , Alexander Pirker , Wolfgang Dür

Effective methods for characterizing the noise in quantum computing devices are essential for programming and debugging circuit performance. Existing approaches vary in the information obtained as well as the amount of quantum and classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-10 Megan L. Dahlhauser , Travis S. Humble

A unitary $t$-design is a powerful tool in quantum information science and fundamental physics. Despite its usefulness, only approximate implementations were known for general $t$. In this paper, we provide for the first time quantum…

In this work we extend a multi-qubit benchmarking technique known as the Binned Output Generation (BOG) in order to discriminate between coherent and incoherent noise sources in the multi-qubit regime. While methods exist to discriminate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-25 Jin-Sung Kim , Lev S. Bishop , Antonio D. Corcoles , Seth Merkel , John A. Smolin , Sarah Sheldon

Contemporary methods for benchmarking noisy quantum processors typically measure average error rates or process infidelities. However, thresholds for fault-tolerant quantum error correction are given in terms of worst-case error rates --…