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We present a classical algorithm to find approximate solutions to instances of quadratic unconstrained binary optimisation. The algorithm can be seen as an analogue of quantum annealing under the restriction of a product state space, where…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-14 Joseph Bowles , Alexandre Dauphin , Patrick Huembeli , José Martinez , Antonio Acín

The Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) model has gained prominence in recent years with the discovery that it unifies a rich variety of combinatorial optimization problems. By its association with the Ising problem in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Fred Glover , Gary Kochenberger , Yu Du

Combinatorial optimization is a promising application for near-term quantum computers, however, identifying performant algorithms suited to noisy quantum hardware remains as an important goal to potentially realizing quantum computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-01 Titus D. Morris , Ananth Kaushik , Martin Roetteler , Phillip C. Lotshaw

Ising Machines are emerging hardware architectures that efficiently solve NP-Hard combinatorial optimization problems. Generally, combinatorial problems are transformed into quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) form, but this…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Chirag Garg , Sayeef Salahuddin

A prominent approach to solving combinatorial optimization problems on parallel hardware is Ising machines, i.e., hardware implementations of networks of interacting binary spin variables. Most Ising machines leverage second-order…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Connor Bybee , Denis Kleyko , Dmitri E. Nikonov , Amir Khosrowshahi , Bruno A. Olshausen , Friedrich T. Sommer

We propose a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for approximating the ground state of two-dimensional quantum systems using an isometric tensor network ansatz, which maps naturally to quantum circuits. Inspired by the density matrix…

We propose a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm to compute approximate solutions of binary combinatorial problems. We employ a shallow-depth quantum circuit to implement a unitary and Hermitian operator that block-encodes the weighted…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-16 Natacha Kuete Meli , Florian Mannel , Jan Lellmann

Quantum optimization is the most mature quantum computing technology to date, providing a promising approach towards efficiently solving complex combinatorial problems. Methods such as adiabatic quantum computing (AQC) have been employed in…

Quantum annealing is a method developed to solve combinatorial optimization problems by utilizing quantum bits. Solving such problems corresponds to minimizing a cost function defined over binary variables. However, in many practical cases,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-26 Seiya Endo , Shohei Kawakatsu , Hiromichi Matsuyama , Kohei Suzuki , Yuichiro Matsuzaki

Optimization problems pose challenges across various fields. In recent years, quantum annealers have emerged as a promising platform for tackling such challenges. To provide a new perspective, we develop a heuristic tensor network (TN)…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-06-17 Anna Maria Dziubyna , Tomasz Śmierzchalski , Bartłomiej Gardas , Marek M. Rams , Masoud Mohseni

Quantum(-inspired) annealers show promise in solving combinatorial optimisation problems in practice. There has been extensive researches demonstrating the utility of D-Wave quantum annealer and quantum-inspired annealer, i.e., Fujitsu…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-27 Tian Huang , Jun Xu , Tao Luo , Xiaozhe Gu , Rick Goh , Weng-Fai Wong

Ising machines are hardware solvers which aim to find the absolute or approximate ground states of the Ising model. The Ising model is of fundamental computational interest because it is possible to formulate any problem in the complexity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-04 Naeimeh Mohseni , Peter L. McMahon , Tim Byrnes

Combinatorial optimization problems are crucial in industry. However, many COPs are NP-hard, causing the search space to grow exponentially with problem size and rendering large-scale instances computationally intractable. Conventional…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Eiji Kawase , Shuta Kikuchi , Hideaki Tamai , Shu Tanaka

One of the main bottlenecks in solving combinatorial optimization problems with quantum annealers is the qubit connectivity in the hardware. A possible solution for larger connectivty is minor embedding. This techniques makes the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-24 Michele Cattelan , Jemma Bennett , Sheir Yarkoni , Wolfgang Lechner

The recent emergence of novel computational devices, such as quantum computers, coherent Ising machines, and digital annealers presents new opportunities for hardware-accelerated hybrid optimization algorithms. Unfortunately, demonstrations…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-10-21 Yuchen Pang , Carleton Coffrin , Andrey Y. Lokhov , Marc Vuffray

One of the major problems of most quantum computing applications is that the required number of qubits to solve a practical problem is much larger than that of today's quantum hardware. We propose an algorithm, called large-system sampling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-08 Chen-Yu Liu , Hsi-Sheng Goan

Many combinatorial optimization problems can be reformulated as finding the ground state of the Ising model. Existing Ising solvers are mostly inspired by simulated annealing. Although annealing techniques offer scalability, they lack…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Debraj Banerjee , Santanu Mahapatra , Kunal Narayan Chaudhury

Quantum annealing aims to solve combinatorial optimization problems mapped on to Ising interactions between quantum spins. A critical factor that limits the success of a quantum annealer is its sensitivity to noise, and intensive research…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-29 Shruti Puri , Christian Kraglund Andersen , Arne L. Grimsmo , Alexandre Blais

Current quantum annealing (QA) hardware suffers from practical limitations such as finite temperature, sparse connectivity, small qubit numbers, and control error. We propose new algorithms for mapping boolean constraint satisfaction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-11 Zhengbing Bian , Fabian Chudak , Robert Israel , Brad Lackey , William G. Macready , Aidan Roy

In VLSI physical design, many algorithms require the solution of difficult combinatorial optimization problems such as max/min-cut, max-flow problems etc. Due to the vast number of elements typically found in this problem domain, these…

Computational Physics · Physics 2019-03-18 Chase Cook , Hengyang Zhao , Takashi Sato , Masayuki Hiromoto , Sheldon X. -D. Tan