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A graph G(V, E) is word-representable if there exists a word w over V such that distinct letters x and y alternate in w iff $xy \in E$. We introduce p-complete squares and p-complete square-free word-representable graphs. A word is…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Biswajit Das , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

In this thesis we present a semantic representation formalism based on directed graphs and explore its linguistic adequacy and explanatory benefits in the semantics of plurality and quantification. Our graph language covers the essentials…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Yu Cao

A graph is called $k$-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the nodes of the graph, each node occurring exactly $k$ times, such that there is an edge between two nodes $x,y$ if and only after removing all letters distinct from…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-08-07 Bas Broere , Hans Zantema

A graph $G=(V,E)$ is word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if and only if $(x,y)$ is an edge in $E$. A graph is word-representable if and only if it is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-03-10 Sergey Kitaev

A graph $G = (\{1, 2, \ldots, n\}, E)$ is $12$-representable if there is a word $w$ over $\{1, 2, \ldots, n\}$ such that two vertices $i$ and $j$ with $i < j$ are adjacent if and only if every $j$ occurs before every $i$ in $w$. These…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-08-31 Asahi Takaoka

A graph $G=(V,E)$ is word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if and only if $xy\in E$. For integers $n>k>0 $, the shift graph $G(n,k)$ is the graph whose vertex set…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-25 Suchanda Roy , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

The representation number of a graph is the minimum number of copies of each vertex required to represent the graph as a word, such that the letters corresponding to vertices $x$ and $y$ alternate if and only if $xy$ is an edge in the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-23 Nawaf Shafi Alshammari , Sergey Kitaev , Artem Pyatkin

Word-representable graphs are a subset of graphs that may be represented by a word $w$ over an alphabet composed of the vertices in the graph. In such graphs, an edge exists if and only if the occurrences of the corresponding vertices…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Duncan Adamson

A graph $G=(V,E)$ is said to be word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that two distinct letters $x,y\in V$ alternate in $w$ if and only if $xy \in E$. Word-representable graphs form a well-studied graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Suchanda Roy , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

The main result of this paper utilizes the representation graph of a group $G$, $R(V,G)$, and gives a general construction of a diagrammatic category $\mathbf{Dgrams}_{R(V,G)}$. The proof of the main theorem shows that, given explicit…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2025-02-10 Ryan Reynolds

A graph $G = (V,E)$ is word-representable if there is a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if and only if the edge $(x, y)$ is in $G$. It is known [6] that all $3$-colourable graphs are word-representable,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-10-01 Marc Elliot Glen

A word-graph Gw is a digraph represented by a word w such that the vertex-set V(Gw) is the alphabet of w and the edge-set E(Gw) is determined by non-identical adjacent letter pairs in w. In this paper we study the strong-connectivity of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-08-31 Edward J. L. Bell , Damon Berridge , Paul Rayson

The graphs with permutation-representation number (\textit{prn}) at most two are known. While a characterization for the class of graphs with the \textit{prn} at most three is an open problem, we summarize the graphs of this class that are…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Khyodeno Mozhui , K. V. Krishna

For an arbitrary word $w$ on an alphabet, we can define the alternating symbol graph, $G(w)$, as the graph in which the edge $(a, b)$ is in $E$ iff the letters $a$ and $b$ alternate in the word $w$. A graph $G = (V, E)$ is said to be…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-06-14 Ameya Daigavane , Mrityunjay Singh , Benny K. George

We study how the number $c(X)$ of components of a graph $X$ can be expressed through the number and properties of the components of a quotient graph $X/\sim.$ We partially rely on classic qualifications of graph homomorphisms such as…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-07-25 Daniela Bubboloni

In this paper, we discuss a method for identifying a seed word that would best represent a class of named entities in a graphical representation of words and their similarities. Word networks, or word graphs, are representations of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-13 Miguel Feria , Juan Paolo Balbin , Francis Michael Bautista

A graph is word-representable if it can be represented in a certain way using alternation of letters in words. Word-representable graphs generalise several important and well-studied classes of graphs, and they can be characterised by…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-19 Sergey Kitaev , Haoran Sun

Recently, Jones et al. introduced the study of $u$-representable graphs, where $u$ is a word over $\{1,2\}$ containing at least one 1. The notion of a $u$-representable graph is a far-reaching generalization of the notion of a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-07-19 Sergey Kitaev

The class of word-representable graphs, introduced in connection with the study of the Perkins semigroup by Kitaev and Seif, has attracted significant attention in combinatorics and theoretical computer science due to its deep connections…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Eshwar Srinivasan , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

Graph-based text representation focuses on how text documents are represented as graphs for exploiting dependency information between tokens and documents within a corpus. Despite the increasing interest in graph representation learning,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Wenzhe Li , Nikolaos Aletras