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Classical analyses of gradient descent (GD) define a stability threshold based on the largest eigenvalue of the loss Hessian, often termed sharpness. When the learning rate lies below this threshold, training is stable and the loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Lawrence Wang , Stephen J. Roberts

Traditional analyses of gradient descent show that when the largest eigenvalue of the Hessian, also known as the sharpness $S(\theta)$, is bounded by $2/\eta$, training is "stable" and the training loss decreases monotonically. Recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Alex Damian , Eshaan Nichani , Jason D. Lee

We empirically demonstrate that full-batch gradient descent on neural network training objectives typically operates in a regime we call the Edge of Stability. In this regime, the maximum eigenvalue of the training loss Hessian hovers just…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Jeremy M. Cohen , Simran Kaur , Yuanzhi Li , J. Zico Kolter , Ameet Talwalkar

Modern neural networks are undeniably successful. Numerous works study how the curvature of loss landscapes can affect the quality of solutions. In this work we study the loss landscape by considering the Hessian matrix during network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Lawrence Wang , Stephen Roberts

A widely believed explanation for the remarkable generalization capacities of overparameterized neural networks is that the optimization algorithms used for training induce an implicit bias towards benign solutions. To grasp this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Maria Matveev , Vit Fojtik , Hung-Hsu Chou , Gitta Kutyniok , Johannes Maly

In this paper, we study the implicit regularization of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) through the lens of {\em dynamical stability} (Wu et al., 2018). We start by revising existing stability analyses of SGD, showing how the Frobenius…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-02 Lei Wu , Weijie J. Su

Deep learning experiments by Cohen et al. [2021] using deterministic Gradient Descent (GD) revealed an Edge of Stability (EoS) phase when learning rate (LR) and sharpness (i.e., the largest eigenvalue of Hessian) no longer behave as in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Sanjeev Arora , Zhiyuan Li , Abhishek Panigrahi

In this work, we study the evolution of the loss Hessian across many classification tasks in order to understand the effect the curvature of the loss has on the training dynamics. Whereas prior work has focused on how different learning…

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) stands as a cornerstone optimization algorithm with proven real-world empirical successes but relatively limited theoretical understanding. Recent research has illuminated a key factor contributing to its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Gregory Dexter , Borja Ocejo , Sathiya Keerthi , Aman Gupta , Ayan Acharya , Rajiv Khanna

Recent empirical and theoretical work has shown that the dynamics of the large eigenvalues of the training loss Hessian have some remarkably robust features across models and datasets in the full batch regime. There is often an early period…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Atish Agarwala , Jeffrey Pennington

The stability and generalization of stochastic gradient-based methods provide valuable insights into understanding the algorithmic performance of machine learning models. As the main workhorse for deep learning, stochastic gradient descent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-24 Tao Sun , Dongsheng Li , Bao Wang

We show that learning can be improved by using loss functions that evolve cyclically during training to emphasize one class at a time. In underparameterized networks, such dynamical loss functions can lead to successful training for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-24 Miguel Ruiz-Garcia , Ge Zhang , Samuel S. Schoenholz , Andrea J. Liu

In gradient descent dynamics of neural networks, the top eigenvalue of the loss Hessian (sharpness) displays a variety of robust phenomena throughout training. This includes early time regimes where the sharpness may decrease during early…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Dayal Singh Kalra , Tianyu He , Maissam Barkeshli

Recently, researchers observed that gradient descent for deep neural networks operates in an ``edge-of-stability'' (EoS) regime: the sharpness (maximum eigenvalue of the Hessian) is often larger than stability threshold $2/\eta$ (where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Xingyu Zhu , Zixuan Wang , Xiang Wang , Mo Zhou , Rong Ge

We study the learning performance of gradient descent when the empirical risk is weakly convex, namely, the smallest negative eigenvalue of the empirical risk's Hessian is bounded in magnitude. By showing that this eigenvalue can control…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-02 Dominic Richards , Mike Rabbat

We perform an average case analysis of the generalization dynamics of large neural networks trained using gradient descent. We study the practically-relevant "high-dimensional" regime where the number of free parameters in the network is on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-11 Madhu S. Advani , Andrew M. Saxe

It is important to understand how the popular regularization method dropout helps the neural network training find a good generalization solution. In this work, we show that the training with dropout finds the neural network with a flatter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Zhongwang Zhang , Hanxu Zhou , Zhi-Qin John Xu

In this work, we investigate the mechanism underlying loss spikes observed during neural network training. When the training enters a region with a lower-loss-as-sharper (LLAS) structure, the training becomes unstable, and the loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Xiaolong Li , Zhi-Qin John Xu , Zhongwang Zhang

In gradient descent, changing how we parametrize the model can lead to drastically different optimization trajectories, giving rise to a surprising range of meaningful inductive biases: identifying sparse classifiers or reconstructing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-24 Anna Kerekes , Anna Mészáros , Ferenc Huszár

Training modern neural networks often relies on large learning rates, operating at the edge of stability, where the optimization dynamics exhibit oscillatory and chaotic behavior. Empirically, this regime often yields improved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Mario Tuci , Caner Korkmaz , Umut Şimşekli , Tolga Birdal
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