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Reinforcement learning is a machine learning approach concerned with solving dynamic optimization problems in an almost model-free way by maximizing a reward function in state and action spaces. This property makes it an exciting area of…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2020-10-12 Miquel Noguer i Alonso , Sonam Srivastava

This paper explores the mean-variance portfolio selection problem in a multi-period financial market characterized by regime-switching dynamics and uncontrollable liabilities. To address the uncertainty in the decision-making process within…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-04 Zhongqin Gao , Ping Chen , Xun Li , Yan Lv , Wenhao Zhang

Recent deep reinforcement learning (DRL) methods in finance show promising outcomes. However, there is limited research examining the behavior of these DRL algorithms. This paper aims to investigate their tendencies towards holding or…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-07-16 Alireza Mohammadshafie , Akram Mirzaeinia , Haseebullah Jumakhan , Amir Mirzaeinia

Envisioned application areas for reinforcement learning (RL) include autonomous driving, precision agriculture, and finance, which all require RL agents to make decisions in the real world. A significant challenge hindering the adoption of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Dominik Baumann , Erfaun Noorani , James Price , Ole Peters , Colm Connaughton , Thomas B. Schön

Learned representations in deep reinforcement learning (DRL) have to extract task-relevant information from complex observations, balancing between robustness to distraction and informativeness to the policy. Such stable and rich…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Mete Kemertas , Tristan Aumentado-Armstrong

Machine Learning (ML) has been embraced as a powerful tool by the financial industry, with notable applications spreading in various domains including investment management. In this work, we propose a full-cycle data-driven investment…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2021-05-20 Haoran Wang , Shi Yu

Generating asset-specific trading signals based on the financial conditions of the assets is one of the challenging problems in automated trading. Various asset trading rules are proposed experimentally based on different technical analysis…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Mehran Taghian , Ahmad Asadi , Reza Safabakhsh

Model-Free Reinforcement Learning has achieved meaningful results in stable environments but, to this day, it remains problematic in regime changing environments like financial markets. In contrast, model-based RL is able to capture some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Eric Benhamou , David Saltiel , Serge Tabachnik , Sui Kai Wong , François Chareyron

In this work, we explore the use of hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) for the task of temporal sequence prediction. Using a combination of deep learning and HRL, we develop a stock agent to predict temporal price sequences from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Faith Johnson , Kristin Dana

In this paper we consider self-supervised representation learning to improve sample efficiency in reinforcement learning (RL). We propose a forward prediction objective for simultaneously learning embeddings of states and action sequences.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-15 William Whitney , Rajat Agarwal , Kyunghyun Cho , Abhinav Gupta

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved great empirical successes in various domains. However, the large search space of neural networks requires a large amount of data, which makes the current RL algorithms not sample efficient.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Qianli Shen , Yan Li , Haoming Jiang , Zhaoran Wang , Tuo Zhao

Deep or reinforcement learning (RL) approaches have been adapted as reactive agents to quickly learn and respond with new investment strategies for portfolio management under the highly turbulent financial market environments in recent…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2024-09-11 Zhenglong Li , Vincent Tam , Kwan L. Yeung

This paper presents a novel risk-sensitive trading agent combining reinforcement learning and large language models (LLMs). We extend the Conditional Value-at-Risk Proximal Policy Optimization (CPPO) algorithm, by adding risk assessment and…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-02-12 Mostapha Benhenda

The common purpose of applying reinforcement learning (RL) to asset management is the maximization of profit. The extrinsic reward function used to learn an optimal strategy typically does not take into account any other preferences or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Charl Maree , Christian W. Omlin

This paper explores the application of a reinforcement learning (RL) framework using the Q-Learning algorithm to enhance dynamic pricing strategies in the retail sector. Unlike traditional pricing methods, which often rely on static demand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Mohit Apte , Ketan Kale , Pranav Datar , Pratiksha Deshmukh

This research focuses on enhancing reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms by integrating penalty functions to guide agents in avoiding unwanted actions while optimizing rewards. The goal is to improve the learning process by ensuring that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Sai Gana Sandeep Pula , Sathish A. P. Kumar , Sumit Jha , Arvind Ramanathan

The use of machine learning in algorithmic trading systems is increasingly common. In a typical set-up, supervised learning is used to predict the future prices of assets, and those predictions drive a simple trading and execution strategy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Vikram Duvvur , Aashay Mehta , Edward Sun , Bo Wu , Ken Yew Chan , Jeff Schneider

Transmission expansion planning in electricity markets is tightly coupled with the strategic bidding behaviors of generation companies. This paper proposes a Reinforcement Learning (RL)-based co-optimization framework that simultaneously…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-24 Tomonari Kanazawa , Hikaru Hoshino , Eiko Furutani

This paper investigates the deep hedging framework, based on reinforcement learning (RL), for the dynamic hedging of swaptions, contrasting its performance with traditional sensitivity-based rho-hedging. We design agents under three…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-12-09 Zaniar Ahmadi , Frédéric Godin

A wide variety of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) models have recently been proposed to learn profitable investment strategies. The rules learned by these models outperform the previous strategies specially in high frequency trading…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-01-12 Mehran Taghian , Ahmad Asadi , Reza Safabakhsh