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With the rapid growth of deep learning, there is an increasing availability of open-source models for various tasks. However, single fine-tuned models often fall short of meeting the diverse needs of users. Model merging has thus emerged as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Shenghe Zheng , Hongzhi Wang

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods have emerged as a promising solution for adapting pre-trained models to various downstream tasks. While these methods perform well in single-task learning, extending them to multi-task learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Neeraj Gangwar , Anshuka Rangi , Rishabh Deshmukh , Holakou Rahmanian , Yesh Dattatreya , Nickvash Kani

In the age of large and heterogeneous datasets, the integration of information from diverse sources is essential to improve parameter estimation. Multi-task learning offers a powerful approach by enabling simultaneous learning across…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-11 Sohom Bhattacharya , Yongzhuo Chen , Muxuan Liang

Mixing datasets for fine-tuning large models (LMs) has become critical for maximizing performance on downstream tasks. However, composing effective dataset mixtures typically relies on heuristics and trial-and-error, often requiring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Zhixu Silvia Tao , Kasper Vinken , Hao-Wei Yeh , Avi Cooper , Xavier Boix

Model merging has recently gained attention as an economical and scalable approach to incorporate task-specific weights from various tasks into a unified multi-task model. For example, in Task Arithmetic (TA), adding the fine-tuned weights…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Feng Xiong , Runxi Cheng , Wang Chen , Zhanqiu Zhang , Yiwen Guo , Chun Yuan , Ruifeng Xu

Model merging is a flexible and computationally tractable approach to merge single-task checkpoints into a multi-task model. Prior work has solely focused on constrained multi-task settings where there is a one-to-one mapping between a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Juan Garcia Giraldo , Nikolaos Dimitriadis , Ke Wang , Pascal Frossard

Model merging aims to efficiently combine the weights of multiple expert models, each trained on a specific task, into a single multi-task model, with strong performance across all tasks. When applied to all but the last layer of weights,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Ekansh Sharma , Daniel M. Roy , Gintare Karolina Dziugaite

Model merging offers an efficient way to combine pre-trained neural networks but often suffers from inconsistent performance, especially when merging models with different initializations. We identify the ``vanishing feature'' phenomenon,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Xingyu Qu , Samuel Horvath

Model merging, which combines multiple domain-specialized experts into a single model, offers a practical path to endow Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) with broad capabilities without the cost of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Dengming Zhang , Xiaowen Ma , Zhenliang Ni , Zhenkai Wu , Han Shu , Xin Jiang , Xinghao Chen

Model merging unifies independently fine-tuned LLMs from the same base, enabling reuse and integration of parallel development efforts without retraining. However, in practice we observe that merging does not always succeed: certain…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Yuan Cao , Dezhi Ran , Yuzhe Guo , Mengzhou Wu , Simin Chen , Linyi Li , Wei Yang , Tao Xie

Model merging enables the combination of multiple specialized expert models into a single model capable of performing multiple tasks. However, the benefits of merging an increasing amount of specialized experts generally lead to diminishing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Ronald Skorobogat , Karsten Roth , Mariana-Iuliana Georgescu

Model merging enables the reuse of fine-tuned models without joint training or access to original data. Dynamic merging further improves flexibility by selectively activating task-relevant parameters and efficiently composing experts across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Guodong Du , Wanyu Lin

Model merging and task arithmetic have emerged as promising scalable approaches to merge multiple single-task checkpoints to one multi-task model, but their applicability is reduced by significant performance loss. Previous works have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Ke Wang , Nikolaos Dimitriadis , Guillermo Ortiz-Jimenez , François Fleuret , Pascal Frossard

Multi-task networks are commonly utilized to alleviate the need for a large number of highly specialized single-task networks. However, two common challenges in developing multi-task models are often overlooked in literature. First,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Menelaos Kanakis , David Bruggemann , Suman Saha , Stamatios Georgoulis , Anton Obukhov , Luc Van Gool

Averaging the parameters of models that have the same architecture and initialization can provide a means of combining their respective capabilities. In this paper, we take the perspective that this "merging" operation can be seen as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Michael Matena , Colin Raffel

Parameter-level model merging is an emerging paradigm in multi-task learning with significant promise. Previous research has explored its connections with prediction-level model ensembling-commonly viewed as the upper bound for merging-to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Qi Li , Runpeng Yu , Xinchao Wang

Model merging aims to combine multiple expert models into a more capable single model, offering benefits such as reduced storage and serving costs, improved generalization, and support for decentralized model development. Despite its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Prateek Yadav , Tu Vu , Jonathan Lai , Alexandra Chronopoulou , Manaal Faruqui , Mohit Bansal , Tsendsuren Munkhdalai

Fine-tuning pre-trained models provides significant advantages in downstream performance. The ubiquitous nature of pre-trained models such as BERT and its derivatives in natural language processing has also led to a proliferation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Thennal D K , Ganesh Nathan , Suchithra M S

Model merging is attracting attention as a novel method for creating a new model by combining the weights of different trained models. While previous studies reported that model merging works well for models trained on a single dataset with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Masanori Yamada , Tomoya Yamashita , Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Daiki Chijiwa

This work targets to merge various Vision Transformers (ViTs) trained on different tasks (i.e., datasets with different object categories) or domains (i.e., datasets with the same categories but different environments) into one unified…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Peng Ye , Chenyu Huang , Mingzhu Shen , Tao Chen , Yongqi Huang , Yuning Zhang , Wanli Ouyang