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Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt models to maintain reliable performance on non-stationary test streams without requiring labeled data. Despite its empirical success, the learnability of TTA under non-stationary streams remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zhi Zhou , Ming Yang , Shi-Yu Tian , Kun-Yang Yu , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li

Deep neural networks demonstrate strong performance under aligned training-test distributions. However, real-world test data often exhibit domain shifts. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this challenge by adapting the model to test data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Byung-Joon Lee , Jin-Seop Lee , Jee-Hyong Lee

Domain shift is a prominent problem in Deep Learning, causing a model pre-trained on a source dataset to suffer significant performance degradation on test datasets. This research aims to address the issue of audio classification under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Weichuang Shao , Iman Yi Liao , Tomas Henrique Bode Maul , Tissa Chandesa

This paper proposes a novel online evaluation protocol for Test Time Adaptation (TTA) methods, which penalizes slower methods by providing them with fewer samples for adaptation. TTA methods leverage unlabeled data at test time to adapt to…

Multi-modal test-time adaptation (MM-TTA) adapts models to an unlabeled target domain by leveraging the complementary multi-modal inputs in an online manner. While previous MM-TTA methods for 3D segmentation offer a promising solution by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Haozhi Cao , Yuecong Xu , Pengyu Yin , Xingyu Ji , Shenghai Yuan , Jianfei Yang , Lihua Xie

Test-time adaptation (TTA) methods, which generally rely on the model's predictions (e.g., entropy minimization) to adapt the source pretrained model to the unlabeled target domain, suffer from noisy signals originating from 1) incorrect or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Jungsoo Lee , Debasmit Das , Jaegul Choo , Sungha Choi

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has recently shown strong performance in post-training large language models and vision-language models. It raises a question of whether the GRPO also significantly promotes the test-time adaptation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Yujun Li , Hongyuan Zhang , Yuan Yuan

Continual Test Time Adaptation (CTTA) is a task that requires a source pre-trained model to continually adapt to new scenarios with changing target distributions. Existing CTTA methods primarily focus on mitigating the challenges of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Jinlong Li , Dong Zhao , Qi Zang , Zequn Jie , Lin Ma , Nicu Sebe

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) such as CLIP achieve strong zero-shot recognition by comparing image embeddings to text-derived class prototypes. However, under domain shift, they suffer from feature drift, class-prior mismatch, and severe…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Byunghyun Kim

In Online Continual Learning (OCL), a neural network sequentially learns from a non-stationary data stream in a single-pass with access only to a limited memory replay buffer. This contrasts sharply with off-line continual learning where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ankita Awasthi , Marco Apolinario , Kaushik Roy

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses distribution shifts during testing by adapting a pretrained model without access to source data. In this work, we propose a novel TTA approach for 3D point cloud classification, combining sampling…

A popular track of network compression approach is Quantization aware Training (QAT), which accelerates the forward pass during the neural network training and inference. However, not much prior efforts have been made to quantize and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Kaixin Xu , Alina Hui Xiu Lee , Ziyuan Zhao , Zhe Wang , Min Wu , Weisi Lin

We provide a new adaptive method for online convex optimization, MetaGrad, that is robust to general convex losses but achieves faster rates for a broad class of special functions, including exp-concave and strongly convex functions, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Tim van Erven , Wouter M. Koolen , Dirk van der Hoeven

Commonly used optimization algorithms often show a trade-off between good generalization and fast training times. For instance, stochastic gradient descent (SGD) tends to have good generalization; however, adaptive gradient methods have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Aditya Cowsik , Tankut Can , Paolo Glorioso

Stochastic gradient descent is a canonical tool for addressing stochastic optimization problems, and forms the bedrock of modern machine learning and statistics. In this work, we seek to balance the fact that attenuating step-size is…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-10 Zhan Gao , Alec Koppel , Alejandro Ribeiro

With the growing attention on learning-to-learn new tasks using only a few examples, meta-learning has been widely used in numerous problems such as few-shot classification, reinforcement learning, and domain generalization. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Hung-Yu Tseng , Yi-Wen Chen , Yi-Hsuan Tsai , Sifei Liu , Yen-Yu Lin , Ming-Hsuan Yang

Test-time domain adaptation aims to adapt a source pre-trained model to a target domain without using any source data. Existing works mainly consider the case where the target domain is static. However, real-world machine perception systems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Qin Wang , Olga Fink , Luc Van Gool , Dengxin Dai

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) aims to adapt a source pre-trained model to continually changing target domains during inference. As a fundamental principle, an ideal CTTA method should rapidly adapt to new domains (exploration) while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Pinci Yang , Peisong Wen , Ke Ma , Qianqian Xu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) enables a pre-trained model to adapt online to an unlabeled test stream under distribution shift. While most TTA research focuses on the adaptation objective, practical streams also depend critically on the memory…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Shyma Alhuwaider , Yasmeen Alsaedy , Merey Ramazanova , Silvio Giancola , Bernard Ghanem

Self-training is an important class of unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) approaches that are used to mitigate the problem of domain shift, when applying knowledge learned from a labeled source domain to unlabeled and heterogeneous target…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-25 Xiaofeng Liu , Jerry L. Prince , Fangxu Xing , Jiachen Zhuo , Reese Timothy , Maureen Stone , Georges El Fakhri , Jonghye Woo