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The rapid adoption of micromobility solutions, particularly two-wheeled vehicles like e-scooters and e-bikes, has created an urgent need for reliable autonomous riding (AR) technologies. While autonomous driving (AD) systems have matured…

Autonomous vehicles rely heavily upon their perception subsystems to see the environment in which they operate. Unfortunately, the effect of variable weather conditions presents a significant challenge to object detection algorithms, and…

High-level Autonomous Driving Systems (ADSs), such as Google Waymo and Baidu Apollo, typically rely on multi-sensor fusion (MSF) based approaches to perceive their surroundings. This strategy increases perception robustness by combining the…

Complex dynamical systems rely on the correct deployment and operation of numerous components, with state-of-the-art methods relying on learning-enabled components in various stages of modeling, sensing, and control at both offline and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-22 Weiming Xiang

The field of autonomous driving has grown tremendously over the past few years, along with the rapid progress in sensor technology. One of the major purposes of using sensors is to provide environment perception for vehicle understanding,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-08-07 Zhi Yan , Li Sun , Tomas Krajnik , Yassine Ruichek

Virtual development and prototyping has already become an integral part in the field of automated driving systems (ADS). There are plenty of software tools that are used for the virtual development of ADS. One such tool is CarMaker from IPG…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-04-16 Philip Pannagger , Demin Nalic , Faris Orucevic , Arno Eichberger , Branko Rogic

As deep learning continues to dominate all state-of-the-art computer vision tasks, it is increasingly becoming an essential building block for robotic perception. This raises important questions concerning the safety and reliability of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Quazi Marufur Rahman , Peter Corke , Feras Dayoub

There is an increasing necessity to deploy autonomous systems in highly heterogeneous, dynamic environments, e.g. service robots in hospitals or autonomous cars on highways. Due to the uncertainty in these environments, the verification…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-12-16 Adina Aniculaesei , Daniel Arnsberger , Falk Howar , Andreas Rausch

With the growing technological advances in autonomous driving, the transport industry and research community seek to determine the impact that autonomous vehicles (AV) will have on consumers, as well as identify the different factors that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Walter Morales Alvarez , Nikita Smirnov , Elmar Matthes , Cristina Olaverri-Monreal

For the assessment of machine perception for automated driving it is important to understand the influence of certain environment factors on the sensors used. Especially when investigating large amounts of real-world data to find and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-04 Maike Scholtes , Lutz Eckstein

This paper presents an automated driving system (ADS) data acquisition and processing platform for vehicle trajectory extraction, reconstruction, and evaluation based on connected automated vehicle (CAV) cooperative perception. This…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Xin Xia , Zonglin Meng , Xu Han , Hanzhao Li , Takahiro Tsukiji , Runsheng Xu , Zhaoliang Zhang , Jiaqi Ma

Autonomous vehicles rely on a variety of sensors to gather information about their surrounding. The vehicle's behavior is planned based on the environment perception, making its reliability crucial for safety reasons. The active LiDAR…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Mariella Dreissig , Dominik Scheuble , Florian Piewak , Joschka Boedecker

Autonomous Driving (AD) systems demand the high levels of safety assurance. Despite significant advancements in AD demonstrated on open-source benchmarks like Longest6 and Bench2Drive, existing datasets still lack regulatory-compliant…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jingzheng Li , Tiancheng Wang , Xingyu Peng , Jiacheng Chen , Zhijun Chen , Bing Li , Xianglong Liu

Artificial visual attention systems aim to support technical systems in visual tasks by applying the concepts of selective attention observed in humans and other animals. Such systems are typically evaluated against ground truth obtained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2013-08-01 Jan Tünnermann , Markus Hennig , Michael Silbernagel , Bärbel Mertsching

One of the fundamental challenges in the design of perception systems for autonomous vehicles is validating the performance of each algorithm under a comprehensive variety of operating conditions. In the case of vision-based semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-17 Wei Zhou , Julie Stephany Berrio , Stewart Worrall , Eduardo Nebot

The safety of autonomous driving systems (ADS) depends on accurate perception across distance and driving conditions. The outputs of AI perception algorithms are stochastic, which have a major impact on decision making and safety outcomes,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Boyu Jiang , Liang Shi , Zhengzhi Lin , Lanxin Xiang , Loren Stowe , Feng Guo

In the last few years, robotic technology has been increasingly employed in agriculture to develop intelligent vehicles that can improve productivity and competitiveness. Accurate and robust environmental perception is a critical…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Giulio Reina , Annalisa Milella , Raphael Rouveure , Michael Nielsen , Rainer Worst , Morten R. Blas

The driving environment perception has a vital role for autonomous driving and nowadays has been actively explored for its realization. The research community and relevant stakeholders necessitate the development of Deep Learning (DL)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Jalal Khan , Manzoor Khan , Sherzod Turaev , Sumbal Malik , Hesham El-Sayed , Farman Ullah

Widespread adoption of autonomous cars will require greater confidence in their safety than is currently possible. Certified control is a new safety architecture whose goal is two-fold: to achieve a very high level of safety, and to provide…

Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) have the potential to make mobility services available and safe for all. A multi-pillar Safety Assessment Framework (SAF) has been proposed for the type-approval process of ADSs. The SAF requires that the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Erwin de Gelder , Maren Buermann , Olaf Op den Camp