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This paper investigates properties of noisy quantum information channels. We define a new quantity called {\em coherent information} which measures the amount of quantum information conveyed in the noisy channel. This quantity can never be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 Benjamin Schumacher , M. A. Nielsen

Due to the fragility of quantum mechanical effects, real quantum computers are plagued by frequent noise effects that cause errors during computations. Quantum error-correcting codes address this problem by providing means to identify and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-18 Thomas Grurl , Christoph Pichler , Jürgen Fuß , Robert Wille

We systematically study the fundamental competition between quantum error correction (QEC) and continuous symmetries, two key notions in quantum information and physics, in a quantitative manner. Three meaningful measures of approximate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-14 Zi-Wen Liu , Sisi Zhou

Quantum error correction (QEC) is indispensable for realizing fault-tolerant quantum computation, yet its effectiveness hinges critically on the classical decoding algorithm that interprets noisy syndrome measurements. Among all possible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Hanyan Cao , Ge Yan , Yuxuan Du , Feng Pan

In this work, we study the task of encoding logical information via a noisy quantum circuit. It is known that at superlogarithmic depth, the output of any noisy circuit without reset gates or intermediate measurements becomes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Jon Nelson , Joel Rajakumar , Michael J. Gullans

Active quantum error correction using qubit stabilizer codes has emerged as a promising, but experimentally challenging, engineering program for building a universal quantum computer. In this review we consider the formalism of qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-13 Barbara M. Terhal

In near-term quantum computations that do not employ error correction, noise can proliferate rapidly, corrupting the quantum state and making results unreliable. These errors originate from both decoherence and control imprecision. The…

A quantum error correction (QEC) code uses $N_{\rm c}$ quantum bits to construct one "logical" quantum bits of better quality than the original "physical" ones. QEC theory predicts that the failure probability $p_L$ of logical qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-15 Xavier Waintal

Quantum error correction allows to actively correct errors occurring in a quantum computation when the noise is weak enough. To make this error correction competitive information about the specific noise is required. Traditionally, this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-07 Thomas Wagner , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß , Martin Kliesch

Stabilizer codes lie at the heart of modern quantum-error-correcting codes (QECC). Of particular importance is a class called Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes, which includes many important examples such as toric codes, color codes, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 Ryotaro Niwa , Jong Yeon Lee

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for operating quantum computers in the presence of noise. Here, we accurately decode arbitrary Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes via the maximum satisfiability (MaxSAT) problem. We show how to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-03 Mohammadreza Noormandipour , Tobias Haug

Quantum computing is a promising paradigm for efficiently solving large and high-complexity problems. To protect quantum computing privacy, pioneering research efforts proposed to redefine differential privacy (DP) in quantum computing,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-25 Hui Zhong , Keyi Ju , Manojna Sistla , Xinyue Zhang , Xiaoqi Qin , Xin Fu , Miao Pan

The constituent parts of a quantum computer are inherently vulnerable to errors. To this end we have developed quantum error-correcting codes to protect quantum information from noise. However, discovering codes that are capable of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-24 Benjamin J. Brown , Naomi H. Nickerson , Dan E. Browne

Quantum error correction is essential for robust quantum information processing with noisy devices. As bosonic quantum systems play a crucial role in quantum sensing, communication, and computation, it is important to design error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-26 Jing Wu , Quntao Zhuang

The potential of quantum computers to outperform classical ones in practically useful tasks remains challenging in the near term due to scaling limitations and high error rates of current quantum hardware. While quantum error correction…

We consider hierarchically implemented quantum error correction (HI-QEC), in which the fidelities of logical qubits are differentially optimized to enhance the capabilities of quantum devices in scientific applications. By employing qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-05 Natalie Klco , Martin J. Savage

Quantum hardware suffers from high error rates and noise, which makes directly running applications on them ineffective. Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is a critical technique towards fault tolerance which encodes the quantum information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-24 Hanrui Wang , Pengyu Liu , Yilian Liu , Jiaqi Gu , Jonathan Baker , Frederic T. Chong , Song Han

Large-scale quantum computers will inevitably need quantum error correction (QEC) to protect information against decoherence. Given that the overhead of such error correction is often formidable, autonomous quantum error correction (AQEC)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-11 Ziqian Li , Tanay Roy , David Rodríguez Pérez , David I. Schuster , Eliot Kapit

The unique features of quantum theory offer a powerful new paradigm for information processing. Translating these mathematical abstractions into useful algorithms and applications requires quantum systems with significant complexity and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-13 Atharv Joshi , Kyungjoo Noh , Yvonne Y. Gao

This study explores the qubit mapping through the integration of Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (QOSTBCs) with Quaternion Orthogonal Designs (QODs) in quantum error correction (QEC) frameworks. QOSTBCs have gained prominence for…

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