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Manchu, a critically endangered language essential for understanding early modern Eastern Eurasian history, lacks effective OCR systems that can handle real-world historical documents. This study develops high-performing OCR systems by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Yan Hon Michael Chung , Donghyeok Choi

Recent advancements in multimodal slow-thinking systems have demonstrated remarkable performance across various visual reasoning tasks. However, their capabilities in text-rich image reasoning tasks remain understudied due to the absence of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Mingxin Huang , Yongxin Shi , Dezhi Peng , Songxuan Lai , Zecheng Xie , Lianwen Jin

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the Optical Character Recognition (OCR) capabilities of the recently released GPT-4V(ision), a Large Multimodal Model (LMM). We assess the model's performance across a range of OCR tasks,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Yongxin Shi , Dezhi Peng , Wenhui Liao , Zening Lin , Xinhong Chen , Chongyu Liu , Yuyi Zhang , Lianwen Jin

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) often provide suboptimal performance on low-resource languages like Urdu. This paper introduces UrduLLaMA 1.0, a model derived from the open-source Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct architecture and continually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Layba Fiaz , Munief Hassan Tahir , Sana Shams , Sarmad Hussain

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is the process of extracting digitized text from images of scanned documents. While OCR systems have already matured in many languages, they still have shortcomings in cursive languages with overlapping…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Hussein Osman , Karim Zaghw , Mostafa Hazem , Seifeldin Elsehely

While large language models excel on high-resource multilingual tasks, low- and extremely low-resource Indic languages remain severely under-evaluated. We present IndicParam, a human-curated benchmark of over 13,000 multiple-choice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ayush Maheshwari , Kaushal Sharma , Vivek Patel , Aditya Maheshwari

Kurdish libraries have many historical publications that were printed back in the early days when printing devices were brought to Kurdistan. Having a good Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to help process these publications and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Blnd Yaseen , Hossein Hassani

The inherent complexities of Arabic script; its cursive nature, diacritical marks (tashkeel), and varied typography, pose persistent challenges for Optical Character Recognition (OCR). We present Qari-OCR, a series of vision-language models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Ahmed Wasfy , Omer Nacar , Abdelakreem Elkhateb , Mahmoud Reda , Omar Elshehy , Adel Ammar , Wadii Boulila

Efforts on the research and development of OCR systems for Low-Resource Languages are relatively new. Low-resource languages have little training data available for training Machine Translation systems or other systems. Even though a vast…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 S M Rakib Hasan , Aakar Dhakal , Md Humaion Kabir Mehedi , Annajiat Alim Rasel

Arabic Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Handwriting Recognition (HWR) pose unique challenges due to the cursive and context-sensitive nature of the Arabic script. This study introduces Qalam, a novel foundation model designed for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Gagan Bhatia , El Moatez Billah Nagoudi , Fakhraddin Alwajih , Muhammad Abdul-Mageed

Much of the existing linguistic data in many languages of the world is locked away in non-digitized books and documents. Optical character recognition (OCR) can be used to produce digitized text, and previous work has demonstrated the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-05 Shruti Rijhwani , Daisy Rosenblum , Antonios Anastasopoulos , Graham Neubig

This technical report presents the 600K-KS-OCR Dataset, a large-scale synthetic corpus comprising approximately 602,000 word-level segmented images designed for training and evaluating optical character recognition systems targeting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Haq Nawaz Malik

There is little to no data available to build natural language processing models for most endangered languages. However, textual data in these languages often exists in formats that are not machine-readable, such as paper books and scanned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Shruti Rijhwani , Antonios Anastasopoulos , Graham Neubig

DeepSeek-OCR utilizes an optical 2D mapping approach to achieve high-ratio vision-text compression, claiming to decode text tokens exceeding ten times the input visual tokens. While this suggests a promising solution for the LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Yunhao Liang , Ruixuan Ying , Bo Li , Hong Li , Kai Yan , Qingwen Li , Min Yang , Okamoto Satoshi , Zhe Cui , Shiwen Ni

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) in multilingual, noisy, and diverse real-world images remains a significant challenge for optical character recognition systems. With the rise of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs), there is growing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Aryan Gupta , Anupam Purwar

As the Information Retrieval (IR) field increasingly recognizes the importance of inclusivity, addressing the needs of low-resource languages remains a significant challenge. Transliteration between Urdu and its Romanized form, Roman Urdu,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Umer Butt , Stalin Veranasi , Günter Neumann

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have become increasingly versatile, accompanied by impressive Optical Character Recognition (OCR) related capabilities. Existing OCR-related benchmarks emphasize evaluating LMMs' abilities of relatively simple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Haibin He , Maoyuan Ye , Jing Zhang , Xiantao Cai , Juhua Liu , Bo Du , Dacheng Tao

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance across various languages; however, they often include significantly less data for low-resource languages such as Urdu compared to high-resource languages like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Farah Adeeba , Brian Dillon , Hassan Sajjad , Rajesh Bhatt

Optical character recognition (OCR) and multilingual text understanding remain major failure modes of multimodal large language models (MLLMs), particularly in real-world images containing cluttered layouts, small fonts, blur, occlusion,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Qinwu Xu , Yifan Jiang , Haoyu Ren

Open-source Large Language models (OsLLMs) propel the democratization of natural language research by giving the flexibility to augment or update model parameters for performance improvement. Nevertheless, like proprietary LLMs, Os-LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Arijit Nag , Soumen Chakrabarti , Animesh Mukherjee , Niloy Ganguly