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We introduce the Clifford entropy, a measure of how close an arbitrary unitary is to a Clifford unitary, which generalizes the stabilizer entropy for states. We show that this quantity vanishes if and only if a unitary is Clifford, is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Gianluca Cuffaro , Matthew B. Weiss

The Clifford+T gate set is a topological generating set for PU(2), which has been well-studied from the perspective of quantum computation on a single qubit. The discovery that it generates a full S-arithmetic subgroup of PU(2) has led to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-13 Shai Evra , Ori Parzanchevski

We construct a polynomial-time classical algorithm that samples from the output distribution of noisy geometrically local Clifford circuits with any product-state input and single-qubit measurements in any basis. Our results apply to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Jon Nelson , Joel Rajakumar , Dominik Hangleiter , Michael J. Gullans

Quantum algorithms for quantum chemistry map the dynamics of electrons in a molecule to the dynamics of a coupled spin system. To reach chemical accuracy for interesting molecules, a large number of quantum gates must be applied which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-02 Colin J. Trout , Kenneth R. Brown

We introduce the magic hierarchy, a quantum circuit model that alternates between arbitrary-sized Clifford circuits and constant-depth circuits with two-qubit gates ($\textsf{QNC}^0$). This model unifies existing circuit models, such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-29 Natalie Parham

We show that qubit stabilizer states can be represented by non-negative quasi-probability distributions associated with a Wigner-Weyl-Moyal formalism where Clifford gates are positive state-independent maps. This is accomplished by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-03 Lucas Kocia , Peter Love

The study of the boundary between classically simulable and computationally complex quantum dynamics is fundamental to understanding which physical resources may enable enhanced information-processing capabilities. We investigate this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-08 Moein N. Ivaki , Matias Karjula , Tapio Ala-Nissila

Quantifying quantum states' complexity is a key problem in various subfields of science, from quantum computing to black-hole physics. We prove a prominent conjecture by Brown and Susskind about how random quantum circuits' complexity…

In this work, we introduce a new circuit optimization technique to reduce the number of T gates in Clifford+T circuits by treating T gates conjugated by Clifford gates as $\frac{\pi}{4}$-rotations around Pauli operators. The tested…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-01 Fang Zhang , Jianxin Chen

We address the circuit-design problem of maximizing quantum magic in early fault-tolerant quantum computing (early FTQC), where logical dynamics natively take the form of alternating Clifford layers and diagonal non-Clifford layers. To…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Hsueh-Hao Lu , Yasunari Suzuki , Yasunobu Nakamura , En-Jui Kuo

Toward an improved understanding of the role of quantum information in nuclei and exotic matter, we examine the quantum magic (non-stabilizerness) in low-energy strong interaction processes. As stabilizer states can be prepared efficiently…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-10-27 Caroline E. P. Robin , Martin J. Savage

Scrambling of quantum information is an important feature at the root of randomization and benchmarking protocols, the onset of quantum chaos, and black-hole physics. Unscrambling this information is possible given perfect knowledge of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-06 Lorenzo Leone , Salvatore F. E. Oliviero , Seth Lloyd , Alioscia Hamma

Quantum error correction and fault-tolerance have provided the possibility for large scale quantum computations without a detrimental loss of quantum information. A very natural class of gates for fault-tolerant quantum computation is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-12 Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Yafei Yu , Bassam Helou , Raymond Laflamme

Floquet quantum circuits are able to realise a wide range of non-equilibrium quantum states, exhibiting quantum chaos, topological order and localisation. In this work, we investigate the stability of operator localisation and emergence of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Marcell D. Kovács , Christopher J. Turner , Lluis Masanes , Arijeet Pal

This work augments the recently introduced Stabilizer Tensor Network (STN) protocol with magic state injection, reporting a new framework with significantly enhanced ability to simulate circuits with an extensive number of non-Clifford…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-19 Azar C. Nakhl , Ben Harper , Maxwell West , Neil Dowling , Martin Sevior , Thomas Quella , Muhammad Usman

Quantum magic, or non-stabilizerness, is an important quantum resource that characterizes computational power beyond classically simulable Clifford operations and is therefore essential for achieving quantum advantage. While previous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-25 András Grabarits , Adolfo del Campo

Quantum state discrimination plays a central role in defining the possible and impossible operations through a restricted class of quantum operations. A seminal result by Bennett et al. [Phys. Rev. A 59, 1070 (1999)] demonstrates the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-01 Hyukjoon Kwon

Distinct Clifford orbits of magic states can exhibit different stabilizer ranks at small tensor powers. We establish this for qutrits, where the single-qutrit Clifford group has four inequivalent orbits of magic states: Strange, Norrell,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Farrokh Labib , Vincent Russo

We investigate a class of brickwork-like quantum circuits on chains of $d-$level systems (qudits) that share the so-called `dual unitarity' property. Namely, these systems generate unitary dynamics not only when propagating in the time…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2021-12-10 Bruno Bertini , Pavel Kos , Tomaz Prosen

Magic-state resource theory is a fundamental framework with far-reaching applications in quantum error correction and the classical simulation of quantum systems. Recent advances have significantly deepened our understanding of magic as a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-15 Lennart Bittel , Lorenzo Leone