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Split Federated Learning (SFL) has emerged as an efficient alternative to traditional Federated Learning (FL) by reducing client-side computation through model partitioning. However, exchanging of intermediate activations and model updates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Xingchen Wang , Feijie Wu , Chenglin Miao , Tianchun Li , Haoyu Hu , Qiming Cao , Jing Gao , Lu Su

Split Federated Learning (SFL) offers a promising approach for distributed model training in wireless networks, combining the layer-partitioning advantages of split learning with the federated aggregation that ensures global convergence.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Haoran Gao , Samuel D. Okegbile , Jun Cai

Split Federated Learning (SFL) enables scalable training on edge devices by combining the parallelism of Federated Learning (FL) with the computational offloading of Split Learning (SL). Despite its great success, SFL suffers significantly…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Dandan Liang , Jianing Zhang , Evan Chen , Zhe Li , Rui Li , Haibo Yang

Federated learning (FL) is one of the popular distributed machine learning (ML) solutions but incurs significant communication and computation costs at edge devices. Federated split learning (FSL) can train sub-models in parallel and reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Yujia Mu , Cong Shen

Federated Split Learning (FSL) is a promising distributed learning paradigm in practice, which gathers the strengths of both Federated Learning (FL) and Split Learning (SL) paradigms, to ensure model privacy while diminishing the resource…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Yifan Shi , Yuhui Zhang , Ziyue Huang , Xiaofeng Yang , Li Shen , Wei Chen , Xueqian Wang

The Federated Learning (FL) workflow of training a centralized model with distributed data is growing in popularity. However, until recently, this was the realm of contributing clients with similar computing capability. The fast expanding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Hongrui Shi , Valentin Radu

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning paradigm in which a large number of clients coordinate with a central server to learn a model without sharing their own training data. One central server is not enough, due to…

Federated learning (FL) is a popular distributed machine learning (ML) paradigm, but is often limited by significant communication costs and edge device computation capabilities. Federated Split Learning (FSL) preserves the parallel model…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Yujia Mu , Cong Shen

To enable training of large artificial intelligence (AI) models at the network edge, split federated learning (SFL) has emerged as a promising approach by distributing computation between edge devices and a server. However, while unstable…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Wei Wei , Zheng Lin , Xihui Liu , Hongyang Du , Dusit Niyato , Xianhao Chen

Federated learning (FL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for fine-tuning foundation models using distributed data in a privacy-preserving manner. Under limited computational resources, clients often find it more practical to fine-tune a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Yuchang Sun , Yuexiang Xie , Bolin Ding , Yaliang Li , Jun Zhang

Recently, federated learning (FL) has emerged as a popular technique for edge AI to mine valuable knowledge in edge computing (EC) systems. To mitigate the computing/communication burden on resource-constrained workers and protect model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Yunming Liao , Yang Xu , Hongli Xu , Lun Wang , Zhiwei Yao , Chunming Qiao

Federated Learning (FL) enables clients to collaboratively train machine learning models without sharing local data, preserving privacy in diverse environments. While traditional FL approaches preserve privacy, they often struggle with high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Nan Li , Xiaolu Wang , Xiao Du , Puyu Cai , Ting Wang

Federated learning (FL) is a framework for machine learning across heterogeneous client devices in a privacy-preserving fashion. To date, most FL algorithms learn a "global" server model across multiple rounds. At each round, the same…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-22 Zachary Charles , Kallista Bonawitz , Stanislav Chiknavaryan , Brendan McMahan , Blaise Agüera y Arcas

Federated Learning (FL) is a popular collaborative learning scheme involving multiple clients and a server. FL focuses on protecting clients' data but turns out to be highly vulnerable to Intellectual Property (IP) threats. Since FL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Jingtao Li , Adnan Siraj Rakin , Xing Chen , Li Yang , Zhezhi He , Deliang Fan , Chaitali Chakrabarti

In this paper, we propose a novel distributed learning scheme, named group-based split federated learning (GSFL), to speed up artificial intelligence (AI) model training. Specifically, the GSFL operates in a split-then-federated manner,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Songge Zhang , Wen Wu , Penghui Hu , Shaofeng Li , Ning Zhang

In the distributed collaborative machine learning (DCML) paradigm, federated learning (FL) recently attracted much attention due to its applications in health, finance, and the latest innovations such as industry 4.0 and smart vehicles. FL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Chandra Thapa , M. A. P. Chamikara , Seyit A. Camtepe

Federated learning (FL) is the most popular distributed machine learning technique. FL allows machine-learning models to be trained without acquiring raw data to a single point for processing. Instead, local models are trained with local…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Qun Li , Chandra Thapa , Lawrence Ong , Yifeng Zheng , Hua Ma , Seyit A. Camtepe , Anmin Fu , Yansong Gao

Federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) are two effective distributed learning paradigms in wireless networks, enabling collaborative model training across mobile devices without sharing raw data. While FL supports low-latency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Kun Guo , Xuefei Li , Xijun Wang , Howard H. Yang , Wei Feng , Tony Q. S. Quek

Federated learning (FL) is a promising approach for addressing scalability and latency issues in large-scale networks by enabling collaborative model training without requiring the sharing of raw data. However, existing FL frameworks often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Dung T. Tran , Nguyen B. Ha , Van-Dinh Nguyen , Kok-Seng Wong

Due to its advantages in resource constraint scenarios, Split Federated Learning (SFL) is promising in AIoT systems. However, due to data heterogeneity and stragglers, SFL suffers from the challenges of low inference accuracy and low…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Dengke Yan , Ming Hu , Zeke Xia , Yanxin Yang , Jun Xia , Xiaofei Xie , Mingsong Chen