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The expanding application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in scientific fields presents unprecedented opportunities for discovery and innovation. However, this growth is not without risks. AI models in science, if misused, can amplify risks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Jiyan He , Weitao Feng , Yaosen Min , Jingwei Yi , Kunsheng Tang , Shuai Li , Jie Zhang , Kejiang Chen , Wenbo Zhou , Xing Xie , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu , Shuxin Zheng

Artificial intelligence (AI) holds great promise for supporting clinical trials, from patient recruitment and endpoint assessment to treatment response prediction. However, deploying AI without safeguards poses significant risks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Yao Chen , David Ohlssen , Aimee Readie , Gregory Ligozio , Ruvie Martin , Thibaud Coroller

The discourse on risks from advanced AI systems ("AIs") typically focuses on misuse, accidents and loss of control, but the question of AIs' moral status could have negative impacts which are of comparable significance and could be realised…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Ines Fernandez , Nicoleta Kyosovska , Jay Luong , Gabriel Mukobi

The capabilities of artificial intelligence systems have been advancing to a great extent, but these systems still struggle with failure modes, vulnerabilities, and biases. In this paper, we study the current state of the field, and present…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Xingli Fang , Jianwei Li , Varun Mulchandani , Jung-Eun Kim

AI agents have been boosted by large language models. AI agents can function as intelligent assistants and complete tasks on behalf of their users with access to tools and the ability to execute commands in their environments. Through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Yifeng He , Ethan Wang , Yuyang Rong , Zifei Cheng , Hao Chen

AI models that predict the future behavior of a system (a.k.a. predictive AI models) are central to intelligent decision-making. However, decision-making using predictive AI models often results in suboptimal performance. This is primarily…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Akhil S Anand , Shambhuraj Sawant , Dirk Reinhardt , Sebastien Gros

This report surveys the landscape of potential security threats from malicious uses of AI, and proposes ways to better forecast, prevent, and mitigate these threats. After analyzing the ways in which AI may influence the threat landscape in…

Safety cases - clear, assessable arguments for the safety of a system in a given context - are a widely-used technique across various industries for showing a decision-maker (e.g. boards, customers, third parties) that a system is safe. In…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Benjamin Hilton , Marie Davidsen Buhl , Tomek Korbak , Geoffrey Irving

Organisations are starting to adopt LLM-based AI agents, with their deployments naturally evolving from single agents towards interconnected, multi-agent networks. Yet a collection of safe agents does not guarantee a safe collection of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Alistair Reid , Simon O'Callaghan , Liam Carroll , Tiberio Caetano

Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology epitomizes the complex challenges posed by human-made artifacts, particularly those widely integrated into society and exerting significant influence, highlighting potential benefits and their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Michael Papademas , Xenia Ziouvelou , Antonis Troumpoukis , Vangelis Karkaletsis

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes deeply embedded in critical services and everyday products, it is increasingly exposed to security threats which traditional cyber defenses were not designed to handle. In this paper, we investigate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Natalia Krawczyk , Mateusz Szczepkowski , Adrian Brodzik , Krzysztof Bocianiak

The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is going through a period of great expectations, introducing a certain level of anxiety in research, business and also policy. This anxiety is further energised by an AI race narrative that makes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-09 The Anh Han , Luis Moniz Pereira , Tom Lenaerts , Francisco C. Santos

AI models are increasingly deployed in live clinical environments where they must perform reliably across complex, high-stakes workflows that standard training and validation datasets were never designed to capture. Evaluating these systems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Prasanna Desikan , Harshit Rajgarhia , Shivali Dalmia , Ananya Mantravadi

Benefiting from the rapid development of deep learning, 2D and 3D computer vision applications are deployed in many safe-critical systems, such as autopilot and identity authentication. However, deep learning models are not trustworthy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Yanjie Li , Bin Xie , Songtao Guo , Yuanyuan Yang , Bin Xiao

We propose a general approach to quantitatively assessing the risk and vulnerability of artificial intelligence (AI) systems to biased decisions. The guiding principle of the proposed approach is that any AI algorithm must outperform a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Shun Ide , Allison Blunt , Djallel Bouneffouf

As the rapid proliferation of AI systems and harms spurs efforts in AI governance around the world, prioritizing among competing policy options has become increasingly challenging for policymakers and researchers. We introduce a methodology…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Julia Barnett , Kimon Kieslich , Natali Helberger , Nicholas Diakopoulos

Recent work has demonstrated the plausibility of frontier AI models scheming -- knowingly and covertly pursuing an objective misaligned with its developer's intentions. Such behavior could be very hard to detect, and if present in future…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Mary Phuong , Roland S. Zimmermann , Ziyue Wang , David Lindner , Victoria Krakovna , Sarah Cogan , Allan Dafoe , Lewis Ho , Rohin Shah

Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized decision-making processes and systems throughout society and, in particular, has emerged as a significant technology in high-impact scenarios of national interest. Yet, despite AI's impressive…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-08-05 Gregory Canal , Vladimir Leung , Philip Sage , Eric Heim , I-Jeng Wang

Current regulations on powerful AI capabilities are narrowly focused on "foundation" or "frontier" models. However, these terms are vague and inconsistently defined, leading to an unstable foundation for governance efforts. Critically,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Ritwik Gupta , Leah Walker , Rodolfo Corona , Stephanie Fu , Suzanne Petryk , Janet Napolitano , Trevor Darrell , Andrew W. Reddie

Data is essential to train and fine-tune today's frontier artificial intelligence (AI) models and to develop future ones. To date, academic, legal, and regulatory work has primarily addressed how data can directly harm consumers and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jason Hausenloy , Duncan McClements , Madhavendra Thakur