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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a variety of tasks. One of the main challenges towards the successful deployment of LLMs is memory management, since they typically involve billions of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Spyros Angelopoulos , Loris Marchal , Adrien Obrecht , Bertrand Simon

Merging multiple expert models offers a promising approach for performing multi-task learning without accessing their original data. Existing methods attempt to alleviate task conflicts by sparsifying task vectors or promoting orthogonality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yongxian Wei , Anke Tang , Li Shen , Zixuan Hu , Chun Yuan , Xiaochun Cao

While most current approaches rely on further training techniques, such as fine-tuning or reinforcement learning, to enhance model capacities, model merging stands out for its ability of improving models without requiring any additional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Zehua Liu , Han Wu , Yuxuan Yao , Ruifeng She , Xiongwei Han , Tao Zhong , Mingxuan Yuan

We present Branch-Train-Merge (BTM), a communication-efficient algorithm for embarrassingly parallel training of large language models (LLMs). We show it is possible to independently train subparts of a new class of LLMs on different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Margaret Li , Suchin Gururangan , Tim Dettmers , Mike Lewis , Tim Althoff , Noah A. Smith , Luke Zettlemoyer

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various natural language processing tasks but face challenges in mathematical reasoning, where complex problem-solving requires both linguistic understanding and mathematical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Shuguang Chen , Guang Lin

While LLMs excel at general tasks, they struggle in specialized domains like finance, requiring diverse skills in domain knowledge, mathematical reasoning, and multilingual processing. Merging domain-specific Continual Pre-training (CPT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Kentaro Ueda , François Portet , Hirohiko Suwa , Keiichi Yasumoto

In the era of large language models, model merging is a promising way to combine multiple task-specific models into a single multitask model without extra training. However, two challenges remain: (a) interference between different models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Zhenyi Lu , Chenghao Fan , Wei Wei , Xiaoye Qu , Dangyang Chen , Yu Cheng

Model merging aims to integrate the strengths of multiple fine-tuned models into a unified model while preserving task-specific capabilities. Existing methods, represented by task arithmetic, are typically classified into global- and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Kunda Yan , Min Zhang , Sen Cui , Zikun Qu , Bo Jiang , Feng Liu , Changshui Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable promise but remain challenging to continually improve through traditional finetuning, particularly when integrating capabilities from other specialized LLMs. Popular methods like ensemble…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Zhenglun Kong , Zheng Zhan , Shiyue Hou , Yifan Gong , Xin Meng , Pengwei Sui , Peiyan Dong , Xuan Shen , Zifeng Wang , Pu Zhao , Hao Tang , Stratis Ioannidis , Yanzhi Wang

Fueled by their remarkable ability to tackle diverse tasks across multiple domains, large language models (LLMs) have grown at an unprecedented rate, with some recent models containing trillions of parameters. This growth is accompanied by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Athanasios Glentis , Jiaxiang Li , Qiulin Shang , Andi Han , Ioannis Tsaknakis , Quan Wei , Mingyi Hong

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) large language models (LLMs) are among the top-performing architectures. The largest models, often with hundreds of billions of parameters, pose significant memory challenges for deployment. Traditional approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Saurav Jha , Maryam Hashemzadeh , Ali Saheb Pasand , Ali Parviz , Min-Joong Lee , Boris Knyazev

While fine-tuning pretrained models has become common practice, these models often underperform outside their specific domains. Recently developed model merging techniques enable the direct integration of multiple models, each fine-tuned…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Guodong Du , Junlin Lee , Jing Li , Runhua Jiang , Yifei Guo , Shuyang Yu , Hanting Liu , Sim Kuan Goh , Ho-Kin Tang , Daojing He , Min Zhang

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is crucial for adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to specific tasks. In this work, we demonstrate that the order of training data can lead to significant training imbalances, potentially resulting in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yiming Ju , Ziyi Ni , Xingrun Xing , Zhixiong Zeng , hanyu Zhao , Siqi Fan , Zheng Zhang

Recent research advocates deploying smaller, specialized code LLMs in agentic frameworks alongside frontier models, sparking interest in efficient strategies for multi-task learning that balance performance, constraints, and costs. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Mingzhi Zhu , Boris Sobolev , Rahul Krishna , Raju Pavuluri , Stacy Patterson , Michele Merler

Model merging constructs versatile models by integrating task-specific models without requiring labeled data or expensive joint retraining. Although recent methods improve adaptability to heterogeneous tasks by generating customized merged…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Haiyun Qiu , Xingyu Wu , Liang Feng , Kay Chen Tan

Model merging combines knowledge from task-specific models into a unified multi-task model to avoid joint training on all task data. However, current methods face challenges due to representation bias, which can interfere with tasks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Marcin Osial , Daniel Marczak , Bartosz Zieliński

Model merging aims to efficiently combine the weights of multiple expert models, each trained on a specific task, into a single multi-task model, with strong performance across all tasks. When applied to all but the last layer of weights,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Ekansh Sharma , Daniel M. Roy , Gintare Karolina Dziugaite

Model merging combines multiple models into a single model with aggregated capabilities, making it a powerful tool for large language model (LLM) development. However, scaling model merging is challenging: performance depends on the choice…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Oliver Bolton , Aakanksha , Arash Ahmadian , Sara Hooker , Marzieh Fadaee , Beyza Ermis

Continual learning is conventionally tackled through sequential fine-tuning, a process that, while enabling adaptation, inherently favors plasticity over the stability needed to retain prior knowledge. While existing approaches attempt to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Ghada Sokar , Gintare Karolina Dziugaite , Anurag Arnab , Ahmet Iscen , Pablo Samuel Castro , Cordelia Schmid

While large language models (LLMs) fine-tuned with lightweight adapters achieve strong performance across diverse tasks, their performance on individual tasks depends on the fine-tuning strategy. Fusing independently trained models with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Sanae Lotfi , Lucas Caccia , Alessandro Sordoni , Jordan T. Ash , Miroslav Dudik